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Redescription of Cunaxa vulgaris Shiba (Acariformes: Cunaxidae), a new record from China

Chen, Jian-Xin ¹ ; Yao, Mao-Yuan ² ; Wu, You-Fang ³ ; Yi, Tian-Ci ⁴ ; Guo, Jian-Jun ⁵ ; Jin, Dao-Chao ⁶ and Peng, Pei-Ying ⁷

¹College of Agriculture, Anshun University, Anshun, 561000, P. R. China.
²College of Agriculture, Anshun University, Anshun, 561000, P. R. China.
³College of Agriculture, Anshun University, Anshun, 561000, P. R. China.
⁴Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P. R. China, Guiyang 550025. P. R. China.
⁵Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P. R. China, Guiyang 550025. P. R. China.
⁶✉ Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P. R. China, Guiyang 550025. P. R. China.
⁷Institute of Microbiology, Qujing Medical College, Qujing 655100, Yunnan, P. R. China.

2026 - Volume: 66 Issue: 1 pages: 282-295

https://doi.org/10.24349/8mza-grdj
ZooBank LSID: 2957DAAE-DC81-4F5A-BA6E-D46FC141E9AC

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Original research

Keywords

Cunaxinae predatory mites morphology taxonomy

Abstract

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Introduction

Cunaxid mites are cosmopolitan and found in most terrestrial habitats where they feeding on microarthropods and nematodes, their eggs etc., and play an important role in the agricultural ecosystems (Skvarla et al. 2014, Hernandes et al. 2015, Al-Azzazy & Al-Rehiayani 2022).

The genus Cunaxa contains 80 known species described in the world (Skvarla et al. 2014, Chen et al. 2023, Kalúz & Ermilov 2023, Khaustov & Khaustov 2024, Mirza et al. 2025). Currently, seven species have been recorded from China: C. capreola (Berlese, 1887), C. hermanni Den Heyer, 1979, C. mageei Smiley, 1992, C. setirostris (Hermann, 1804), C. womersleyi Baker & Hoffmann, 1948, C. papilla Chen & Jin, 2023, and C. striata Chen & Jin, 2023 (Hu 1997, Bei et al. 2003, Lin & Zhang 2010, Chen et al. 2023).

This paper reports a newly recorded species C. vulgaris Shiba, 1984 from China and provides the first description of males.

Materials and methods

Mites sample were extracted using modified Berlese-Tullgren funnels for 8–12 hours and preserved in 75% alcohol and then mounted in Hoyer's medium on slides (Walter & Krantz 2009). Line drawings were prepared with the aid of a drawing tube attached to a phase contrast and DIC Nikon Ni E microscope. Photographs were taken using a camera (Nikon DS-Ri 2) attached to the Nikon Ni E microscope and figures were edited with Adobe Photoshop CC 2019. The length of the gnathosoma was measured from the base to the tip of the subcapitulum, the length of the idiosoma, from the suture between the gnathosoma and idiosoma to the posterior margin of the idiosoma, the width of the idiosoma at its broadest level and the length of the legs from the base of trochanters to the tip of the claw. All measurements were taken in micrometers (µm) using the software Nikon NIS Elements AR 4.50. The dorsal and ventral setal nomenclature follows Skvarla et al. (2014) and Chen et al. (2023), legs setal notation follows Den Heyer (1981).

The following abbreviations are used: prodorsum: anterior trichobothria (at), posterior trichobothria (pt), lateral proterosomal (lps), median proterosomal (mps); hysterosoma: internal humerals (c₁ ), external humerals (c₂ ), internal dorsals (d₁ ), internal lumbals (e₁ ), internal sacrals (f₁ ), internal clunals (h₁ ), external clunals (h₂ ); venter: propodogastral seta (ppgs), hysterogastral seta (hgs); anal region: pseudanal (ps); genital region: aggenitals (ag), genitals (g); gnathosoma: hypognathals (hg); leg: attenuate (sharply) solenidion (asl), blunt-pointed rod-like solenidion (bsl), famulus (fam), trichobothria (T), simple tactile seta (sts), microseta (mst), dorsoterminal solenidion (dtsl).

Results

Family Cunaxidae Thor, 1902

Subfamily Cunaxinae Thor, 1902

Genus Cunaxa Von Heden, 1826

Generic diagnosis: see Skvarla et al. (2014).

Type species: Scirus setirostris Hermann, 1804; now Cunaxa setirostris (Hermann, 1804).

Scirus Hermann, 1804, 62; Berlese, 1887, 34–40; Hull 1918, 37.

Cunaxa Von Heden, 1826, 609; Smiley, 1992,153; Corpuz-Raros & Garcia, 1995, 605; Den Heyer & Sergeyenko, 2009, 63, neotype designation.

Cunaxa vulgaris Shiba, 1984

Cunaxa vulgaris Shiba, 1984, 111

(Figs 1–13)

Diagnosis

Palp telofemur with one pointed apophysis; propodosomal shield smooth, except area between at and at, lps and pt with a few broken striae; hysterosomal shield absent, but a shield-like structure is present and covered with transverse striae on the central region of hysterosoma; c₁ , f₁ and h₁ spiculate; f₁ length not extending past base of h₁ ; three pairs of hysterogastral setae (hgs₁ –hgs₃ ); one pair of aggenital setae (ag); genital setae g₁ and g₄ located laterally, g₂ and g₃ arranged in longitudinal row; basifemora I–IV 4-4-2-1 sts. Male resembling the female, setae c₁ longer than f₁ and h₁ ; two pairs of hysterogastral setae (hgs₁ –hgs₂ ); without aggenital setae; basifemora I–IV 4-4-2-0 sts; genua I–II, tibia I, tarsi I–II with long bsl, respectively.

Redescription

Female (n=51, 6 specimens measured).

Idiosoma 519–566 long, 368–398 wide.

Dorsum – (Figs 1–2). Propodosomal shield smooth, except area between at and at, lps and pt with a few broken striae, 146–154 long, 200–210 wide, with two pairs of trichobothria (at and pt), two pairs of tactile setae (lps and mps). lps near pt, pt longer than at, mps longer than lps. Hysterosoma with six pairs of setae (c₁ , c₂ , d₁ , e₁ , f₁ , h₁ ) and one pair of lyrifissures (ip), setae c₁ , f₁ and h₁ spiculate; f₁ length not extending past base of h₁ . Area between propodosomal shield and h₁ with transverse striae, but a shield-like structure is observed on the central region of the hysterosoma, which is also adorned with transverse striae; area between c₂ and e₁ with lengthwise striae. Setal lengths and distances: at 307–312, pt 418–425, lps 13–14, mps 48–52, c₁ 90–101, c₂ 48–50, d₁ 52–57, e₁ 52–56, f₁ 88–94, h₁ 70–80; at–at 37–40, pt–pt 194–196, lps–lps 173–190, mps–mps 70–71, lps–mps 59–63, at–lps 95–100, pt–mps 64–72, pt–lps 27–33, at–mps 92–93, at–pt 123–127, c₁ –c₁ 126–138, c₂ –c₂ 265–288, d₁ –d₁ 134–161, e₁ –e₁ 137–145, f₁ –f₁ 35–43, h₁ –h₁ 28–37, c₁ –c₂ 86–95, c₁ –d₁ 110–117, c₂ –d₁ 78–88, d₁ –e₁ 39–55, e₁ –f₁ 66–74, f₁ –h₁ 78–83.

Venter – (Figs 3–4). Area between coxal fields I and gnathosoma with transverse striae; coxal fields I and II fused and with striae, and present obvious suture; coxal fields III and IV fused and with striae. Area between coxal fields I–II plate groups, between ppgs and hgs₁ , lateral area outside between ppgs and hgs₃ with longitudinal striae; areas between hgs₁ and genital plates with transverse striae. One pair of propodogastral setae (ppgs) situated on small platelets, 24–26 in length; three pairs of hysterogastral setae (hgs₁ –hgs₃ ), 18–20, 19–20 and 21–23 in length, respectively. Setal formula of coxal fields I–IV: 3(1a–c)-1(2c)-3(3a–c)-2(4b–c) sts. Genital plates 60–75 long, 36–38 wide, invisible genital papillae and with longitudinal striae, four pairs of genital setae (g₁ –g₄ ), 21–22, 22–24, 22–23, and 22–26 in length, respectively, g₁ and g₄ located laterally, g₂ and g₃ arranged in longitudinal row; one pair of aggenital setae (ag), 23–27 in length. Anal region with longitudinal striae, one pair of pseudanal setae (ps₁ ), 20–24 in length; a pair of h₂ , 26–33 in length, and one pair of lyrifissures (ih) close to h₂ .

Gnathosoma – Palp (Fig. 5A). five-segmented, 215–240 long, with fine denticles. Palp chaetotaxy: trochanter none; basifemur with one simple seta; telofemur with one simple seta and one pointed apophysis; genu with two simple setae and one spine-like seta; tibiotarsus with three simple setae, of which proximal one the longest, one spine-like seta and one distal eupathidium, claw well-developed. Chelicera (Fig. 5B) 172–174 long, segment I with sparse fine papillae, segment II with broken longitudinal striae, cheliceral seta 13–15 in length; chela developed. Subcapitulum (Fig. 5C) 187–196 long, 103–107 wide, two pairs of adoral setae (ads₁–ads₂ ), 8–9 and 4–7 in length, respectively; four pairs of hypognathal setae (hg₁ –hg₄ ), 23–25, 31–33, 32–36, and 70–75 in length, respectively; areas between hg₁ and hg₃ with broken longitudinal striae, between hg₃ and basal area with broken transverse stria. Distances of hg setae: hg₁ –hg₁ 7–8, hg₂ –hg₂ 12–16, hg₃ –hg₃ 32–35, hg₄ –hg₄ 80–86, hg₁ –hg₂ 32–34, hg₂ –hg₃ 71–75, hg₃ –hg₄ 31–33.

Legs – (Fig. 6). Leg I–IV with broken striae, lengths of legs I–IV: 400–407, 368–377, 393–398, and 316–425. Lengths of tarsi I–IV: 168–179, 144–151, 146–150, and 150–150. T smooth on tibia IV 94–99 in length. Legs I–IV chaetotaxy as follows: trochanters 1-1-2-1 sts; basifemora 4-4-2-1 sts; telofemora 4-4-4 (among which one thick and long)-4(among which one thick and long) sts; genua 3 asl, \{1 asl, 1 mst\}, 4 sts - 1 asl, 5 sts - 1 asl, 5 sts - 1 asl, 5 sts; tibiae 1 asl, \{1 asl, 1 mst\}, 4 sts - 1 asl, 5 sts - 1 bsl, 5 sts - 1 T, 4 sts; tarsi 4 asl, 1 fam, 1 dtsl, 2 tsl, 23 sts - 1 bsl, 1 dtsl, 1 tsl, 24 sts - 1 dtsl, 25 sts - 1 dtsl, 20 sts.

Male (n=2).

Idiosoma 369–382 long, 259–267 wide.

Dorsum – (Figs 7–8). Resembling that of female; propodosomal shield 102–124 long, 160–180 wide; f₁ and h₁ shorter; f₁ not extending past h₁ . Setal lengths and distances: at 232–235, pt 285–316, lps 10–12, mps 27–31, c₁ 62–68, c₂ 32–34, d₁ 26–30, e₁ 20–28, f₁ 22–26, h₁ 20–22; at–at 25–30, pt–pt 135–148, lps–lps 105–129, mps–mps 40–41, lps–mps 50–52, at–lps 68–75, pt–mps 49–55, pt–lps 19–22, at–mps 68–81, at–pt 90–96, c₁ –c₁ 92–97, c₂ -c₂ 178–180, d₁ –d₁ 98–98, e₁ –e₁ 83–86, f₁ –f₁ 38–46, h₁ –h₁ 24–28, c₁ –c₂ 56–63, c₁ –d₁ 59–70, c₂ –d₁ 47–48, d₁ –e₁ 32–38, e₁ –f₁ 28–33, f₁ –h₁ 39–42.

Venter – (Figs 9–10). Resembling that of female; propodogastral setae (ppgs) 13–19 in length, two pairs of hysterogastral setae (hgs₁ –hgs₂ ), 15–17 and 18–18 in length; genital plates 30–40 long, 17–20 wide, genital setae (g₁ –g₄ ), 14–16, 18–18, 17–18, and 15–16, respectively. ps₁ and h₂ , 10–12 and 14–14 in length.

Gnathosoma – Palp (Fig. 11A). resembling that of female; 180–186 long. Chelicera (Fig. 11B) resembling that of female; 123–129 long, cheliceral seta 7–9 in length. Subcapitulum (Fig. 11C) resembling that of female; 137–144 long, 75–81 wide; two pairs of adoral setae (ads₁–ads₂ ), 7–8 and 5–6 in length, lengths of hg₁ –hg₄ 18–22, 24–24, 20–27, and 50–54, respectively. Distances of hg setae: hg₁ –hg₁ 5–6, hg₂ –hg₂ 13–14, hg₃ –hg₃ 31–31, hg₄ –hg₄ 58–60, hg₁ –hg₂ 24–25, hg₂ –hg₃ 50–53, hg₃ –hg₄ 23–23.

Legs – (Figs 12–13). Resembling that of female, lengths of leg I–IV: 318–335, 281–299, 302–320, and 323–338. Lengths of tarsi I–IV: 134–148, 112–124, 120–122, and 120–120. T 65–71 in length. Legs I–IV chaetotaxy as follows: basifemur IV: 0 sts; genu I 2 asl, \{1 long bsl, 1 mst\}, 3 sts; genu II 1 asl, \{1 long bsl, 1 mst\}; tibia I \{1 asl, 1 long bsl, 1 mst\}; tarsus I 3 asl, 1 long bsl, 1 fam (invisible), 1 dtsl, 2 tsl, 20 sts; tarsus II 1 long bsl, 22 sts; tarsus III 19 sts; tarsus IV 15 sts.

Other developmental stages. Unknown.

Remarks

This species was described from Japan (Shiba 1984). However, his description lacks measurements of setae and distances between setae, as well as a description of males. This species is new for the Chinese fauna. C. vulgaris is also very similar to C. heterostriata described from Crimea (Khaustov & Kuznetsov 1998) in general appearance. However, both species could be separated on the structure of cheliceral dorsum. In C. vulgaris cheliceral dorsum with broken striae while in C. heterostriata it with characteristic longitudinal ridges.

Material examined

Two ♀ and 1 ♂, were collected from soil, Jiuzhai Valley (N22°17′22.32″, E111°13′13.57″, elevation 1400 m), Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China, on 16 August, 2018, by Guo-Ru Ren and Mao-Fa Yang, slides No., SC-CU-201808160101–SC-CU-201808160103; 1 ♀, was collected from fallen leaves, Mantingling Mountain (N32°36′25.98″，E104°50′14.31″, elevation 1555 m), Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve, Guangyuan County, Sichuan Province, China, on 9 May, 2019, by Yun Long, slide No., SC-CU-201905091801; 1 ♀, was collected from moss, Qianfoshan Nature Reserve (N31°40′52.64″, E104°16′20.51″, elevation 841 m) Anxian County, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province, China, on 9 May, 2019, by Yun Long, slide No., SC-CU-201905141501; 13 ♀ and 1 ♂, were collected from fallen leaves, Huaxi District (N26°25′, E106°36′, elevation 1100 m), Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China, on 17 November, 2017, by Jian-Xin Chen, slides No., GZ-CU-2017111701–GZ-CU-2017111713; 3 ♀, were collected from fallen leaves, Huaxi District (N26°25′, E106°36′, elevation 1135 m), Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China, on 16 November, 2016, by Mao-Yuan Yao and Yan Shen, slides No., GZ-CU-2016111601–GZ-CU-2016111603; 7 ♀, were collected from fallen leaves, Huaxi District (N26°25′, E106°36′, elevation 1100 m), Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China, on 12 November, 2017, by Mao-Yuan Yao and Yan Shen, slides No., GZ-CU-2017111201–GZ-CU-2017111207; 1 ♀, was collected from fallen leaves, Xiaoxi Nature Reserve (N28°47′32″, E110°16′35″, elevation 644 m), Yongshun County, Hunan Province, China, on 20 August, 2016, by Jian-Xin Chen, slide No., HN- CU-201608200901; 2 ♀, were collected from moss, Xingdushan (N30°2′59″, E109°8′2″, elevation 1150 m), Lichuan City, Hubei Province, China, on 5 August, 2018, by Jian-Xin Chen, slides No., HB-CU-201808050401–HB-CU-201808050402; 3 ♀, were collected from moss, Dapanshan Nature Reserve (N29°00′36.12″, E120°28′3.8″, elevation 416 m), Pan′an County, Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, China, on 31 July, 2018, by Mao-Yuan Yao and Yun Long, slides No., ZJ-CU-201807311801– ZJ-CU-201807311803; 4 ♀, were collected from fallen leaves, Nanling National Forest Park (N24°56′45.78″, E113°0′49.78″, elevation 903 m), Ruyuan Yao Autonomous County, Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province, China, on 28 April, 2019, by Jian-Xin Chen, slides No., GD-CU-201904280201–GD-CU-201904280204; 3 ♀, were collected from fallen leaves, Nanling National Forest Park (N24°53′46.37″, E113°1′52.70″, elevation 1100 m), Ruyuan Yao Autonomous County, Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province, China, on 29 April, 2019, by Jian-Xin Chen, slides No., GD-CU-201904290901–GD-CU-201904290903; 3 ♀, were collected from fallen leaves, Nanling National Forest Park (N24°53′44.62″, E113°1′47.71″, elevation 1123 m), Ruyuan Yao Autonomous County, Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province, China, on 29 April, 2019, by Jian-Xin Chen, slides No., GD-CU-201904291001–GD-CU-201904291003; 2 ♀, were collected from fallen leaves, Nanling National Forest Park (N24°53′48.25″, E113°2′29.22″, elevation 920 m), Ruyuan Yao Autonomous County, Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province, China, on 29 April, 2019, by Jian-Xin Chen, slides No., GD-CU-201904291201–GD-CU-201904291202; 1 ♀, was collected from fallen leaves, Dinghu Mountain National Nature Reserve (N23°10′23″, E112°32′50″, elevation 159 m), Zhaoqing City, Guangdong Province, China, on 27 August, 2019, by Min Ao, slide No., GD-CU-2019082701; 1 ♀, was collected from fallen leaves, Hanshuiyuan Forest Park (N32°45′54″, E116°13′40″, elevation 1300 m), Ningqiang County, Shanxi Province, China, on 15 July, 2019, by Jian-Xin Chen and Xue-Song Zhang, slide No., SX-CU-201907151401; 1 ♀, was collected from fallen leaves, Yuhe Town (N32°58′56″, E105°30′2″, elevation 895 m), Wudu District, Longnan City, Gansu Province, China, on 19 July, 2019, by Jian-Xin Chen and Xue-Song Zhang, slide No., GS-CU-201807190601; 1 ♀, was collected from fallen leaves (Pinus massoniana), Huangshan Scenic Area (N30°8′33.36″，E118°9′21.95″, elevation 1590 m), Anhui Province, China, on 23 May, 2018, by Mao-Yuan Yao, slide No., AH-CU-201805231301. All types are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P. R. China (GUGC).

Distribution

China (Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Shanxi, Gansu and Anhui Province); Japan.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects (QKHJC [2024] youth 289, 410 and QKHJC-ZK[2023]023).

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