Drabo, Edouard ¹ ; Waongo, Antoine ² ; Traoré, Fousséni ³ ; Sanon, Antoine ⁴ and Auger, Philippe ⁵

¹✉ Laboratoire d’Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Unité de Formation et de Recherches en Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 06 BP 9499 Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso & Laboratoire Central d’Entomologie Agricole de Kamboinsé, Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles, 01 BP 476 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso & CBGP, Institut Agro, CIRAD, INRAE, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
²Laboratoire Central d’Entomologie Agricole de Kamboinsé, Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles, 01 BP 476 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.
³Laboratoire Central d’Entomologie Agricole de Kamboinsé, Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles, 01 BP 476 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.
⁴Laboratoire Central d’Entomologie Agricole de Kamboinsé, Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles, 01 BP 476 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.
⁵CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France.

2023 - Volume: 63 Issue: 3 pages: 969-977

Short note

Keywords

Abstract

Introduction

In Burkina Faso, tomato cultivation contributes to food security and increases producer incomes (MAAH, 2011). Due to its significant economic benefits, tomato cultivation is becoming increasingly important (Son, 2018). However, it faces numerous biotic constraints, including spider mites, in particular the red tomato mite Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard, 1960 (Acari: Tetranychidae), which is a serious threat to tomato production in Burkina Faso (Drabo et al., 2022). As a result, to reduce losses, producers are intensifying the use of synthetic pesticides or renounce to tomato cultivation (Drabo et al., 2020).

Despite the economic importance of both tomato cultivation and spider mites in Burkina Faso, with the exception of T. evansi, no information is available on the diversity of tetranychid mites found on tomato. To fill this gap, from 2019 to 2020, in six different regions, we carried out sampling mainly in Solanaceae crops but also in a few others crops, sometimes including non-cultivated plants present in the vicinity.

In this work, we report three new spider mite records for Burkina Faso, including the first record of Tetranychus truncatus Ehara, 1956 from Africa and new host plants for spider mites.

Material and methods

Morphology based identification

Mites were extracted using the washing method (Boller, 1984), by filtering the solution on three stacked sieves (smallest mesh size 400), and picking out mites using a camel hair brush. They were preserved in 90% ethyl alcohol. Following clearing in lactic acid (50%) for 24 hours they were mounted in Hoyer's medium. The specimens were examined using a Leica® DM LB 2 phase-contrast and DIC microscope. Morphological identifications were performed using original and supplementary descriptions after using Flechtmann and Knihinicki (2002) and the key of Kamran et al. (2018) for the genera Tetranychus and Eutetranychus, respectively.

Molecular based identification

For molecular analysis, mites were collected directly from field samples in 100% ethanol.

DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing

A fragment of 885 pb of Cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) mtDNA was used to characterize specimens. This marker was chosen because of its variability at intraspecific level (Gotoh et al., 2009, Boubou et al., 2011). DNA extraction was carried out on single females using the DNeasy tissue Kit (Qiagen, USA), following the protocol described in Boubou et al. (2011). All the sequences were deposited into Genbank (Table 1).

DNA sequence alignment and analysis

Three specimens were used for molecular characterisation (Table 1). Sequences were edited using Codon Aligner v.4.1.1 (CodonCode Corporation) and aligned using the default parameters. All the sequences were verified for stop codons and for insertions/deletions. BLASTs of nucleotide sequences were carried out on the NCBI database to determine the species identity by match percentage levels.

Results and discussion

Family Tetranychidae Donnadieu, 1875

Subfamily Tetranychinae Berlese, 1913

Tribe Eurytetranychini Reck, 1950

Genus Eutetranychus Banks, 1917

Neotetranychus (Eutetranychus) Banks, 1917: 197. Type-species: Tetranychus banksi McGregor

Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein, 1936)

Figure 1A

Specimens examined — 8 females on Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae), Kodéni (11°08′01.1″N 004°19′13.0″W, alt. 345 m a.s.l.), Bobo Dioulasso (Houet), Burkina Faso, 16-I-2020 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 9 females, same host plant, secteur 4 (12°30′51.9″N 003°32′41.3″W, alt. 263 m a.s.l.), Dédougou (Mouhoun) Burkina Faso, 18-I-2020 leg. E. Drabo; 5 males, 8 females, 2 nymphs, same host plant, secteur 10 (13°34′58.4″N 002°23′17.6″W, alt. 320 m a.s.l.), Ouahigouya (Yatenga), Burkina Faso, 24-I-2020 leg. E. Drabo.

Distinctive characters (female) — Coxa II with one seta, dorsal striation forming a ''V-pattern'' between members of setae d₁ and e₁, idiosoma with most of dorsal setae inserted on tubercles, 6/7 setae present on tibia II, 6/7 setae on tibia III, 6/7 setae on femur II, most of dorsal setae oblanceolate to spatulate, tip of setae e₁ far from reaching the base of setae h₁.

Note — New spider mite record for Burkina Faso.

Tribe Tetranychini Reck, 1950

Genus Tetranychus Dufour, 1832

Tetranychus Dufour, 1832: 276. Type-species: Tetranychus lintearius Dufour

Tetranychus (Tetranychus) evansi Baker & Pritchard, 1960

Figure 1B-C

Specimens examined — 3 males, 16 females on Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae), Kounda (12°08′55.2″N 001°28′30.4″W alt. 280 m a.s.l.), Saponé (Bazèga), Burkina Faso, 08-XI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 16 females on Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae), Kombissiri (12°05′37.2″N 001°20′59.3″W, alt. 315 m a.s.l.), Kombissiri (Bazèga), Burkina Faso, 08-XI-2019 leg. E. Drabo. E. Drabo; 3 males, 16 females on Solanum macrocarpon L. (Solanaceae), Pindga (12°08′52.4″N 001°28′38.4″W, alt. 298 m a.s.l.), Kombissiri (Bazèga), Burkina Faso, 08-XI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 4 males, 12 females on S. lycopersicum, Kamboinsé (12°27′05.9″N 001°33′35.4″W, alt. 297 m a.s.l.), Ouagadougou (Kadiogo), Burkina Faso, 11-XI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 2 males, 3 females on S. melongena, Kamboinsé (12°27′08.4″N 001°33′37.3″W, alt. 297 m a.s.l.), Ouagadougou (Kadiogo), Burkina Faso, 11-XI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 4 males, 8 females on S. macrocarpon, Kamboinsé (12°27′03.7″N 001°33′35.7″W, alt. 297 m a.s.l.), Ouagadougou (Kadiogo), Burkina Faso, 11-XI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 12 females on Amaranthus hybridus L. (Amaranthaceae), Kamboinsé (12°27′15.3″N 001°33′24.9″W, alt. 297 m a.s.l.), Ouagadougou (Kadiogo), Burkina Faso, 11-XI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 12 females on S. lycopersicum, Kalabo (12°28′07.9″N 002°48′49.1″W, alt. 262 m a.s.l.), Gossina (Nayala), Burkina Faso, 19-XI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 12 females on S. melongena, Kalabo (12°27′07.3″N 002°47′49.4″W, alt. 257 m a.s.l.), Gossina (Nayala), Burkina Faso, 19-XI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 12 females on S. macrocarpon, Kalabo (12°28′01.0″N 002°48′53.4″W, alt. 263 m a.s.l.), Gossina (Nayala), Burkina Faso, 19-XI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 12 females on Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae), Kalabo (12°28′09.6″N 002°48′45.2″W, alt. 260 m a.s.l.), Gossina (Nayala), Burkina Faso, 19-XI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 12 females on S. lycopersicum, Pabré (12°30′30.1″N 001°35′51.8″W, alt. 296 m a.s.l.), Pabré (Kadiogo), Burkina Faso, 27-XI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 12 females on S. melongena, Pabré (12°30′38.6″N 001°36′03.8″W, alt. 296 m a.s.l.), Pabré (Kadiogo), Burkina Faso, 27-XI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 12 females on S. macrocarpon, Pabré (12°30′28.8″N 001°35′49.6″W, alt. 297 m a.s.l.), Pabré (Kadiogo), Burkina Faso, 27-XI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 12 females on S. lycopersicum, Kabo (12°49′24.2″N 002°15′07.0″W, alt. 339 m a.s.l.), Yako (Passoré), Burkina Faso, 15-XI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 12 females on S. macrocarpon, Yako (12°56′29.4″N 002°15′11.0″W, alt. 331 m a.s.l.), Yako (Passoré), Burkina Faso, 15-XI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 16 females on S. lycopersicum, Bousssouma (12°57′12.7″N 001°07′49.9″W, alt. 301 m a.s.l.), Boussouma (Sanmatenga), Burkina Faso, 02-XII-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 16 females on S. melongena, Bousssouma (12°57′12.8″N 001°07′51.3″W, alt. 301 m a.s.l.), Boussouma (Sanmatenga), Burkina Faso, 02-XII-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 16 females on S. macrocarpon, Boussouma (12°57′13.6″N 001°07′51.1″W, alt. 303 m a.s.l.), Boussouma (Sanmatenga), Burkina Faso, 02-XII-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 16 females on S. lycopersicum, Korsimoro (12°49′06.4″N 001°02′13.6″W, alt. 288 m a.s.l.), Korsimoro (Sanmatenga), Burkina Faso, 02-XII-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 16 females on S. melongena, Korsimoro (12°49′06.4″N 001°02′13.6″W, alt. 288 m a.s.l.), Korsimoro (Sanmatenga), Burkina Faso, 02-XII-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 16 females on S. macrocarpon, Korsimoro (12°49′16.7″N 001°02′34.5″W, alt. 286 m a.s.l.), Korsimoro (Sanmatenga), Burkina Faso, 02-XII-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 12 females on S. lycopersicum, Ouahigouya (13°35′08.6″N 002°23′29.0″W, alt. 326 m a.s.l.), Ouahigouya (Yatenga), Burkina Faso, 11-I-2020 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 12 females on S. macrocarpon, Ouahigouya (13°35′19.1″N 002°24′08.5″W, alt. 322 m a.s.l.), Ouahigouya (Yatenga), Burkina Faso, 11-I-2020 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 12 females on S. lycopersicum, Badala (12°30′58.6″N 003°32′36.5″W, alt. 264 m a.s.l.), Dédougou (Mouhoun), Burkina Faso, 17-I-2020 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 16 females on S. lycopersicum, Tolotama (11°07′49.8″N 004°19′01.3″W, alt. 453 m a.s.l.), Bobo Dioulasso (Houet), Burkina Faso, 15-I-2020 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 16 females on S. melongena, Dafinso (11°13′53.2″N 004°13′51.0″W, alt. 381 m a.s.l.), Bobo Dioulasso (Houet), Burkina Faso, 15-I-2020 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 16 females on S. macrocarpon, Kodéni (11°08′01.2″N 004°19′10.7″W, alt. 446 m a.s.l.), Bobo Dioulasso (Houet), Burkina Faso, 15-I-2020 leg. E. Drabo.

Distinctive characters — Female tarsus I with proximal tactile setae in line with proximal duplex (desertorum group), dorsal striae between setae e₁ and f₁ forming a diamond pattern, anterogenital striation entire sometimes weak medially, male empodium I and II uncinate, empodia I-IV with obvious dorsal spur, male aedeagus shape unique in this group.

Note — New host record on A. hybridus.

Tetranychus (Tetranychus) truncatus Ehara, 1956

Figures 2A-C

This species has been recorded in 12 countries in the Australasian, Oriental and Palearctic regions (Migeon and Dorkeld, 2023). The last two countries where it has been reported are India (Srinivasa et al., 2012) and Bangladesh (Ullah and Gotoh, 2013) and the country geographically closest to the African continent, where T. truncatus has been recorded, is Iran (e.g. Sadeghi-Namaghi, 2010).

Specimens examined — 13 males, 25 females from A. hybridus, Kamboinsé (12°27′07.1″N 001°33′36.5″W, alt. 297 a.s.l.), Ouagadougou (Kadiogo), Burkina Faso, 11-XI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 2 males, 2 females from Cajanus cajan L. Millsp (Fabaceae), Kamboinsé (12°27′24.5″N 001°32′56.9″W, alt. 295 m a.s.l.), Ouagadougou (Kadiogo), Burkina Faso, 26-VI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 5 females from Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp (Fabaceae), Kamboinsé (12°27′21.4″N 001°33′03.1″W, alt. 296 m a.s.l.), Ouagadougou (Kadiogo), Burkina Faso, 26-VI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 4 males, 9 females from Allium cepa L. (Amaryllidaceae), Kamboinsé (12°27′13.0″N 001°33′28.4″W, alt. 297 m a.s.l.), Ouagadougou (Kadiogo), Burkina Faso, 26-VI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 1 female from Zea mays L. (Poaceae), Kamboinsé (12°27′20.3″N 001°33′00.1″W, alt. 297 m a.s.l.), Ouagadougou (Kadiogo), Burkina Faso, 26-VI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 2 males, 3 females from Leptadenia hastata Pers. (Apocynaceae), Kamboinsé (12°27′06.0″N 001°33′36.8″W, alt. 296 m a.s.l.), Ouagadougou (Kadiogo), Burkina Faso, 26-VI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 7 males, 24 females from Corchorus olitorius L. (Malvaceae), Kamboinsé (12°27′07.4″N 001°33′36.3″W, alt. 297 m a.s.l.), Ouagadougou (Kadiogo), Burkina Faso, 11-XI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 1 male, 3 females from S. lycopersicon, Kamboinsé (12°27′08.1″N 001°33′36.8″W, alt. 297 m a.s.l.), Ouagadougou (Kadiogo), Burkina Faso, 11-XI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 11 females from S. macrocarpon, Kamboinsé (12°27′06.6″N 001°33′36.5″W, alt. 297 m a.s.l.), Ouagadougou (Kadiogo), Burkina Faso, 11-XI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 6 males, 12 females from S. melongena, Kamboinsé (12°27′05.9″N 001°33′35.4″W, alt. 297 m a.s.l.), Ouagadougou (Kadiogo), Burkina Faso, 11-XI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 8 females from Ipomoea eriocarpa R. Br. (Convolvulaceae), Kamboinsé (12°27′02.1″N 001°33′33.8″W, alt. 298 m a.s.l.), Ouagadougou (Kadiogo), Burkina Faso, 27-I-2020 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 12 females from Helianthus annuus L. (Asteraceae), Kamboinsé (12°27′09.3″N 001°33′38.1″W, alt. 296 m a.s.l.), Ouagadougou (Kadiogo), Burkina Faso, 15-II-2020 leg. E. Drabo.

Distinctive characters — Female tarsus I with four tactile setae proximal to the proximal pair of duplex setae on tarsus, dorsal striae between setae e₁ and f₁ forming a diamond pattern, ventral striae without lobes, anterogenital striation entire, unbroken (but may be sparse medially), male empodium I claw-like, empodia I-II each with an obvious dorsal spur, shorter on empodia III-IV, shape of the male aedeagus (Fig. 2A).

Molecular identification — A BLAST search of the three mite haplotype sequences against the NCBI's GenBank showed between 99.77% similarity (accession number MG518333.1) and 99.09% with the 56 sequences of T. truncatus.

Remarks — The morphological identification of our specimens of T. truncatus was uncertain because the male aedeagi we observed appeared to be somewhat different to that depicted in the original description by Ehara (1956). The main differences were an obvious indentation present in the aedeagal knob dorsal margin between the two knob projections and a more developed triangular posterior projection (Fig. 2A). Nevertheless, thanks to the examination of type specimens of T. truncatus, Seeman and Beard (2011) reported similar variations in the aedeagus shape of this species. However, in the same contribution, they mention that the female anterogenital striation is entire, unbroken, but sometimes sparse medially, whereas in the specimens we examined it is sparse with small breaks medially and more or less dotted in its anterior longitudinal part (Fig. 2B,C). Despite these morphological variations, with the use of molecular tools, we were able to obtain a reliable identification of our specimens as T. truncatus.

There is no doubt than T. truncatus represents an important phytosanitary risk in Burkina Faso and, of course, at the scale of the African continent. Indeed, taking into account its pest status reported in almost all the parts of the world it colonized, particularly in Bengladesh (Tarikul Islam et al., 2017), China (Jin et al., 2018), India (Bhaskar and Lenin, 2018), Taiwan (Ho, 2000), Thailand (Sakunwarin et al., 2004) and Vietnam (Hinomoto et al., 2007), its wide range of potential host plants [92 host plants according to Migeon and Dorkeld (2023)], including major crops (e.g. rice, maize, cassava, several Solanaceae but also cotton) and its ability to develop pesticide resistances (e.g. Ullah and Gotoh, 2013; Li-Wen et al., 2019), make it a major pest. Our study confirms this in part, as we already found it on 12 different host plants, the majority of which are crops.

Note — New spider mite record for Africa (Burkina Faso) and new host records on A. hybridus, C. cajan, A. cepa, L. hastata, C. olitorius, S. macrocarpon and I. eriocarpa.

Tetranychus (Tetranychus) urticae Koch, 1835

Figure 2D

Specimens examined — 5 males, 7 females on A. hybridus, Kamboinsé (12°27′08.1″N 001°33′36.8″W, alt. 298 m a.s.l.), Ouagadougou (Kadiogo), Burkina Faso, 11-XI-2019 leg. E. Drabo; 7 males, 9 females on Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae), Kodéni (11°08′05.1″N 004°19′09.2″W, alt. 447 m a.s.l.), Bobo Dioulasso (Houet), Burkina Faso, 16-I-2020 leg. E. Drabo; 9 males, 27 females on Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae), Kodéni (11°08′02.8″N 004°19′10.4″W, alt. 446 m a.s.l.), Bobo Dioulasso (Houet), Burkina Faso, 16-I-2020 leg. E. Drabo; 3 males, 12 females on Brassica oleracea L. (Brassicaceae), Kodéni (11°08′01.2″N 004°19′12.7″W, alt. 444 m a.s.l.), Bobo Dioulasso (Houet), Burkina Faso, 16-I-2020 leg. E. Drabo; 9 males, 34 females on Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae), Kodéni (11°13′44.0″N 004°13′52.3″W, alt. 380 m a.s.l.), Bobo Dioulasso (Houet), Burkina Faso, 16-I-2020 leg. E. Drabo; 4 males, 4 females on S. macrocarpon, Kodéni (11°17′31.8" N 004°11′34.9″W, alt. 362 m a.s.l.), Bobo Dioulasso (Houet), Burkina Faso, 16-I-2020 leg. E. Drabo.

Distinctive characters — Female tarsus I with four tactile setae proximal to the proximal pair of duplex setae on tarsus, dorsal striae between setae e₁ and f₁ forming a diamond pattern, anterogenital striation generally entire, sometimes sparse and with small breaks medially, male empodium I claw-like, empodia I-II each with an obvious dorsal spur, shape of the male aedeagus (Fig. 2D).

Note — New spider mite record for Burkina Faso.

Acknowledgements

This study was founded by a ''high-level scientific grant'' from the Service de Coopération et d'Action Culturelle (SCAC) of the French Embassy. Edouard Drabo would therefore like to express its gratitude to it. He is also deeply grateful to Dr. Jean-François Martin, Head of the Biology & Ecology Department of the Institut Agro Montpellier for the hosting agreement. Drs. Renaud Vitalis and Carine Brouat, director and co-director of the CBGP, respectively, are also deeply acknowledged for welcoming Edouard Drabo at CBGP. Amandine Fossoud (IRD–CBGP) is deeply acknowledged for DNA sequences edition. We are grateful to the reviewers for their comments, in particular Dr. Owen Seeman who drew our attention to the possible description of a junior synonym of T. truncatus in an earlier version of this contribution.

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