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Predatory mites of the family Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve (Romania)

Călugăr, Adina 1 ; Stathakis, Theodoros 2 and Papadoulis, Georgios Th.3

1✉ Department of Experimental and Applied Biology, NIRDBS-Institute of Biological Research Iași, Lascăr Catargi Street no. 47, 700107, Iași, Romania.
2Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece.
3Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece.

2023 - Volume: 63 Issue: 1 pages: 58-66

https://doi.org/10.24349/w9fc-x845

Original research

Keywords

distribution first record predatory mites fauna Romania

Abstract

In Romania, phytoseiid mites was notified sporadically with the occasion of some ecological works referring to the whole Mesostigmata. Seven years of investigations carried out in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve led to the identification of 12 species belonging to the family Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) namely Amblyseius meridionalis Berlese, A.obtusus (Koch) sensu Karg, A. terreus Kolodochka, Graminaseius graminis (Chant), Neoseiulus alpinus (Schweizer), N. cinctutus (Livshitz & Kuznetsov), N. extricatus (Kolodochka), N. tervus Meshkov, Proprioseiopsis messor (Wainstein), P. scurra (Wainstein & Beglyarov), Transeius macrospermathecus Papadoulis, Emmanouel & Kapaxidi, Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) kerkirae Swirski & Ragusa. With the exception of A. meridionalis and A. obtusus the rest of the species are reported for the first time from Romania.


Introduction

Species of the family Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) are known especially for their role in the biological control of many pests, such as phytophagous mites, thrips and other small insects (Gerson et al. 2003, McMurtry et al. 2013). Members of this family inhabit a wide range of terrestrial substrates, such as vegetable crops, perennial shrubs and trees canopy, and occasionally can be found in moss, herbal rhizosphere and soil (Kolodochka 2006, Krantz and Walter 2009). Phytoseiid mites are widely distributed around the world and currently include 2,557 valid species belonging to three subfamilies and 94 genera (Demite et al. 2014, 2022). In Romania, Phytoseiidae fauna is virtually unknown, with only two species – Amblyseius meridionalis Berlese, 1914 and A. obtusus (Koch, 1839) being recorded from moss habitats (bark, rock and soil moss) sampled in different mountain forests (Manu et al. 2018a). Both species were also found in two central parks from Bucharest (Manu and Honciuc 2010, Manu et al. 2018b). An opportunity to a better knowledge of the phytoseiid species was the wide investigation carried out between 2015 and 2021 in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve. This ample research targeted the biodiversity of edaphic meso-fauna in different ecosystems of this important wetland of Europe. It is well known the fact that Danube Delta represents a key center for biodiversity of its various types of ecosystems such as wet, arid, and salted meadows as well as sandy and rocky areas, forests on high banks or even anthropogenic ecosystems developed for economic reasons. On the occasion of these investigations, among other Mesostigmata, phytoseiid mites were identified from different types of habitats.

Material and methods

The survey took place in different years (2015, 2017, 2018, 2021), in various ecosystems, such as natural forests (2), plantations (10), meadows (6), agricultural crops (9) of Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve. From the above-mentioned ecosystems 31 plots were studied, plus one plot with Cannabis ruderalis Janisch (Cannabaceae) (Table 1).

Table 1. Main characteristics of the investigated plots.

In all investigated plots, there were taken series of five samples (5 cm depth), those from the forest ecosystems were divided into two sub horizons – olf (litter and fermentation layer) and ah (humification layer). Each sample had an area of 100 cm2. In the case of the soil samples extracted from the meadows, the herbaceous layer was not removed.

Mites from soil samples were extracted using Berlese-Tullgren funnels. Specimens were cleared in lactic acid solution 70% and mounted in Hoyer's medium (Krantz and Walter 2009). Measurements of the dorsal setae at females were made and brief comments regarding the morphology of the species were provided. Measurements are given in micrometers (µm) and presented as mean followed by the range in parenthesis. We have used Chant and McMurtry's (1994, 2007) concepts on the taxonomy of the family Phytoseiidae and the world catalogue database of Demite et al. (2014, 2022) for distribution. The samples were collected either by Dr Adina Călugăr or by Dr Otilia Ivan from Institute of Biological Research Iași (ICBI). All examined specimens are deposited in the collection of the institute. The protonymphs and deutonymphs were noted with respectively PN and DN abbreviations. It was used the abbreviation ''leg.'' derived from Latin expression ''legit'' meaning ''he, she, or it collected'' with reference to who collected the material.

Results

Family Phytoseiidae Berlese, 1916

Subfamily Amblyseiinae Muma, 1961

Tribe Amblyseiini Wainstein, 1962

Subtribe Amblyseiina Chant & McMutry, 2004

Genus Amblyseius Berlese, 1914

Amblyseius meridionalis Berlese, 1914

Material examined — Letea-Hăşmacul Mare, forest (11 May 2016) 2 ♀♀ leg. Ivan, ICBI, Pardina, Populus alba plantation (30 June 2021) 4 ♀♀ leg. Ivan, ICBI.

Length of setaej1 23 (20–25), j3 47 (45–48), j4-j6, J2, J5, z2-z5, Z1, S2, S4, S5, R1 (minute), Z4 97 (93–100), Z5 147 (145–150), s4 58 (55–63), r3 12.

World distribution — Algeria, Canada - British Columbia, Ontario, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Morocco, Poland, Russia - Tyumen, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, USA - Michigan (Demite et al. 2022) and Romania (this study).

Hosts / Substrates — On moss, litter under Juniperus spp. (Cupressaceae), Thymus spp. (Lamiaceae), Achillea spp. (Asteraceae), Androsace spp. (Primulaceae), Poaceae, Senecio spp. (Asteraceae), unidentified plant (Papadoulis et al. 2009), humus, soil, Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf. (Poaceae) (Demite et al. 2022).

Previously, in Romania A. meridionalis was reported from moss samples (bark moss, rock moss and soil moss) taken from mature (over 80 years) natural forests located between 378 and 1445 m a.s.l. (Manu et al. 2018a).

Remarks — Although A. meridionalis is mentioned as resistant to dry habitats such as agro-ecosystems, dunes or inland meadows (Manu et al. 2018b), in our study it was found only in forest ecosystems. Morphological characters of the examined specimens fit well with those of the redescription of Döker et al. (2020). At Romanian specimens of A. meridionalis fixed digit have four teeth (three of them are minute, and one bigger next to pilus dentilis), movable digit edentate. The length of setae is smaller than that of Turkish individuals and closer to that of Amblyseius meridionalis sensu Livshitz & Kuznetsov (1972) (Döker et al. 2020).

Amblyseius obtusus (Koch, 1839) sensu Karg 1960

Material examined — Murighiol, meadow (24 July 2015) 1 ♀ leg. Ivan, ICBI; Murighiol, meadow (13 July 2018) 10 ♀♀ leg. Ivan, ICBI.

Length of setaej1 27 (25–28), j3 39 (35–43), j4-j6, J2, J5, z2-z5, Z1 (minute), Z4 118 (90–139), Z5 282 (270–302), s4 97 (93–100), S2 9 (9–10), S4 9 (9–10), S5 9, r3 10, R1 9 (7–10).

World distribution — Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Azores, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, England, France, Germany, Georgia, Greece, Haiti, Hawaii, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Moldova, Morocco, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, USA, Venezuela (Demite et al. 2022).

Hosts / Substrates — The neotype was found on rotten palm leaves, but A. obtusus is mostly present on herbaceous – Achillea spp. and Senecio spp. (Asteraceae) (Papadoulis et al. 2009) and shrub plants. It was rarely observed on Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae) (Tixier et al. 2013). Previously, in Romania A. obtusus was reported from moss samples (bark and soil moss) taken from mature (over 80 years) natural forests located between 378 and 1445 m asl (Manu et al. 2018a).

RemarksAmblyseius obtusus is a cosmopolitan species, reported in more than 30 countries (Demite et al. 2022). Also, its ubiquity character is showed by the fact that it was found in Greece at 2300 m asl (Papadoulis et al. 2009), in Romania in two parks of Bucharest (75 m asl) (Manu and Honciuc 2010), as well as at 378–1445 m asl (Manu et al. 2018a) and with the occasion of our study at 11 m asl. However, in our study it was found in only meadow. Morphological characters and measurements of the Romanian specimens are very close to those described by Döker et al. (2020).

Amblyseius terreus Kolodochka, 2003

Material examined — Letea, meadow (22 July 2015) 1 ♂ leg. Ivan, ICBI; Letea, meadow (11 May 2016) 2 ♀♀ leg. Călugăr, ICBI; Plopu, meadow (13 July2018) 8♀♀, 2 ♂ ♂, 1DN leg. Ivan, ICBI; Beștepe, meadow (12 July 2018) 4 ♀♀, 1 ♂ leg. Ivan, ICBI; Murighiol, meadow (13 July 2018) 33 ♀♀, 15 ♂♂ leg. Ivan, ICBI; Murighiol, P. alba L. (Salicaceae) and Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Fabaceae) plantation (30 June 2021) 4 ♀♀ leg. Ivan, ICBI.

Length of setaej1 26 (25–28), j3 35 (30–38), j4-j6, J2, J5, z5, Z1, S2, S4, S5 (minute), z2 22 (18–23), z4 22 (18–23), Z4 67 (63–75), Z5 147 (135–155), s4 55 (50–60), r3 18 (15–20), R1 16 (13–18).

World distribution — Ukraine (Demite et al. 2022) and Romania (this study).

Hosts / Substrates — Soil and litter at the roots of oak (Quercus spp.- Fagaceae), as well as from sand and gravel from interstitial zone on sea-beach of Crimea (Kolodochka 2003; Demite et al. 2022).

Remarks — Our findings recommend this species as being a preferential praticolous one, in DDBR being found only in meadows, never in the samples from forests. Amblyseius terreus was described from Crimea and until now no other reports of this species are available. Therefore, this new record is also significant from zoogeographical point of view. With 70 specimens in total, in four stands, this species was one of the most abundant species within this survey. Morphological characters are very close to the original description.

Genus Graminaseius Chant & McMurtry, 2004

Graminaseius graminis (Chant, 1956)

Material examined — Murighiol, meadow (13 July 2018) 29♀♀, 14♂♂, 6PN leg. Ivan, ICBI.

Length of setaej1 24 (23–25), j3 37 (35–40), j4 10 (8–13), j5 10 (8–10), j6 9 (8–10), J2 9 (8–10), J5 9 (8–10), z2 24 (23–25), z4 30 (28–35), z5 7 (5–10), Z1 28 (25–30) Z4 65, Z5 72 (68–75), s4 52 (50–53), S2 30 (28–34), S4 10, S5 10, r3 28 (25–33), R1 22 (18–25).

World distribution — Algeria, Australia, Denmark, England, France, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Moldova, Ukraine, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy Morocco, Norway, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Canary Islands, South Africa Spain, Turkey, USA, Chile (Demite et al. 2022) and Romania (this study).

Hosts / Substrates — It has been rarely found in crops and is mostly reported on herbaceous plants (Lamiaceae), Ficus carica L. (Moraceae), Poaceae, in humus and moss. It has been collected on a great variety of plants including plum, pear, apple, citrus (Ferragut et al. 1985; Minarro et al. 2002; Kreiter et al. 2010; Sahraoui et al. 2012). Also, it was reported on V. vinifera in France and Chile (Demite et al. 2022; Tixier et al. 2013).

RemarksGraminaseius graminis is a cosmopolitan species, being reported from more than 20 countries. Its discovery on many plants supports it is a common species. Morphological characters of the examined specimens generally fit with those described by Döker (2019).

Tribe Neoseiulini Chant & McMurtry, 2003

Genus Neoseiulus Hughes, 1948

Neoseiulus alpinus (Schweizer, 1922)

Material examined — Murighiol, meadow (24 July 2015) 3 ♀♀ leg. Ivan, ICBI; Murighiol, meadow (06 June 2017) 2 ♀♀ leg. Ivan, ICBI; Sarinasuf, meadow (06 June 2017) 2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂ leg. Ivan, ICBI; Sarinasuf, meadow (10 August 2017) 2 ♂♂leg. Călugăr, ICBI; Sarinasuf, meadow, (13 July 2018) 2 ♀♀ leg. Ivan, ICBI.

Length of setaej1 15 (13–20), j3 17 (15–25), j4 16 (10–15), j5 11 (10–13), j6 12 (10–13), J2 13 (10–15), J5 12 (10–15), z2 14 (10–15), z4 14 (10–8), z5 11 (10–13), Z1 16 (15–18), Z4 29 (25–30), Z5 41 (33–45), s4 25, S2 22 (15–25), S4 22 (15–25), S5 18 (13–25), r3 16 (13–20), R1 17 (15–20).

World distribution — Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Cuba, Czech Republic, England, France, Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Germany, Greece, Hawaii, Hungary, Italy, Jordan, Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Spain, Turkey and USA (Arizona, California, Washington) (Demite et al. 2022) and Romania (this study).

Hosts / Substrates — On moss, grass, unidentified low-growing plants, Pyrus malus L. (Rosaceae), Ballota acetabulosa (L.) (Lamiaceae), Ulex europaeus L. (Fabaceae), in soil (Papadoulis et al. 2009, Demite et al. 2022).

RemarksNeoseiulus alpinus is a cosmopolitan species present in more than 20 countries. Our findings indicated the preference of this species to praticolous ecosystems. Morphological characters are very close to the redescriptions provided by Evans (1987) and Ferragut et al. (2010).

Neoseiulus cinctutus (Livshitz & Kuznetsov, 1972)

Material examined — Murighiol, meadow (24 July 2015) 1 ♀ leg. Ivan, ICBI; Letea, meadow (11 May 2016) 1 ♀ leg. Călugăr, ICBI; Sarinasuf, alfalfa crop (07 May 2017) 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂ leg. Ivan, ICBI; Sarichioi, green peas (07 June 2017) 1♀, 1 ♂ leg. Ivan, ICBI; Murighiol, barley crop (06 June 2017) 2 ♀♀, 2 DN leg. Ivan, ICBI; Plopu, meadow (13 July 2018) 1 ♀ leg. Ivan, ICBI; Murighiol, meadow (13 July 2018) 16 ♀♀, 8 ♂♂ leg. Ivan, ICBI; Sarinasuf, meadow (13 July 2018) 2 ♀♀ leg. Ivan, ICBI.

Length of setaej1 15 (13–18), j3 21 (18–25), j4 14 (13–15), j5 13 (10–15), j6 13 (10–15), J2 15 (10–18), J5 13 (10–15), z2 16 (13–18), z4 18 (15–20), z5 13 (10–13), Z1 18 (15–28), Z4 38 (33–50), Z5 54 (53–58), s4 26 (25–28), S2 27 (25–30), S4 24 (20–28), S5 19 (18–20), r3 16 (15–18), R1 17 (15–18).

World distribution — Former USSR (Crimea, Georgia), Greece, Turkey (Demite et al. 2022) and Romania (this study).

Hosts / SubstratesVerbascum graecum Heldr. & Sart (Scrophulariaceae), Plantago spp. (Plantaginaceae), Aesculum hippocastanum L. (Sapindaceae), on unidentified plants (Papadoulis et al. 2009, Demite et al. 2022).

Remarks — An occurrence analysis shows that N. cinctutus is one of the most frequent species in DDBR, being found in seven plots among the 24 plots under investigations. Morphological characters of the examined specimens generally fit with those of the original description and the redescription by Döker (2019).

Neoseiulus extricates (Kolodochka, 1991)

Material examined — Murighiol, meadow (06 June 2017) 1 ♀, 1 ♂ leg. Ivan, ICBI; Enisala, meadow (07 June 2017) 2 ♀♀, 4 ♂♂ leg. Ivan, ICBI; Sarinasuf, meadow (06 June 2017) 7 ♀♀, 7 ♂♂ leg. Ivan, ICBI; Sarinasuf, alfalfa crop (07 June 2017) 5 ♀♀, 6 ♂♂ leg. Ivan, ICBI.

Length of setaej1 18 (15–20), j3 20 (15–25), j4 13 (10–15), j5 13 (10–15), j6 13 (13–15), J2 14 (13–15), J5 10 (8–13), z2 18, z4 18, z5 13, Z1 19 (13–23), Z4 27 (25–28), Z5 34 (28–38), s4 20, S2 21 (18–23), S4 19 (15–20), S5 19 (15–20), r3 14 (13–15), R1 18 (13–25).

World distribution — Kazakhstan, Ukraine (Demite et al. 2022) and Romania (this study).

Hosts / Substrates — Asteraceae: Artemisia taurica Willd. (Asteraceae).

Remarks — Inclusive with the occasion of this study, N. extricates was mentioned only from three countries in the vicinity. So far, its findings in all these countries recommend this species as a praticolous one. Morphological characters of the examined specimens generally fit with those of the original description.

Neoseiulus tervus Meshkov, 1994

Material examined — Sarinasuf, sunflower crop (07 June 2017) 1 ♀, 1 ♂, 1PN leg. Ivan, ICBI; Murighiol, meadow (06 June 2017) 1 ♂ leg. Ivan, ICBI.

Length of setaej1 16, j3 20, j4 6, j5 6, j6 8, J2 8, J5 8, z2 16, z4 16, z5 4, Z1 16, Z4 46, Z5 65, s4 30, S2 21, S4 14, S5 10, r3 18, R1 18.

World distribution — Southwestern Russia – Samara (Demite et al. 2022) and Romania (this study).

Hosts / Substrates — Unidentified plant family: herb; Poaceae: Grass; soil (Demite et al. 2022).

Remarks — So far, N. tervus was identified only from two neighbouring countries. It seems to be a rare species, being found only in meadows and crops as few specimens. Morphological characters of the examined specimens generally fit with those of the original description.

Subtribe Proprioseiopsina Chant & McMurtry, 2004

Genus Proprioseiopsis Muma, 1961

Proprioseiopsis messor (Wainstein, 1960)

Material examined — Letea-Hăşmacul Mare, forest (11 May 2016) 1 ♀ leg. Ivan, ICBI.

Length of setaej1 38, j3 50, j4-j6, z5, Z1 S2, S4 (minute), J5 10, z2, z4 (broken), Z4 163, Z5 217, s4 120, S5 (broken), r3 20, R1 15.

World distribution — Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Canary Islands, Egypt, France, Gaza Strip, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Morocco, New Zealand, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Syria, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, USA (Demite et al. 2022) and Romania (this study).

Hosts / Substrates — Poaceae – grass, white clover, strawberry, apple, plum, and plants (Schicha 1987), Poaceae, pine litter, humus, moss, on Portulaca spp. (Portulacaceae) (Papadoulis et al. 2009).

RemarksProprioseiopsis messor is a cosmopolitan species reported in many countries and a common one, being found on many plants. However, only one specimen of P. messor was found in our study. The single collected specimen from Romania has morphological characters like the redescription provided by Ostovan et al. (2012). However, the dorsal setae z4 and z5 of the Romanian specimens are not serrate and have longer lengths than those from Iran, being comparable with populations of P. messor found in Ukraine (Ostovan et al. 2012).

Proprioseiopsis scurra (Wainstein & Beglyarov, 1971)

Material examined — Letea, meadow (11 May 2016) 1 ♂ leg. Călugăr, ICBI; Plopu, meadow (13 July 2018) 1 ♂ leg. Ivan, ICBI; Murighiol, meadow (13 July 2018) 4 ♀♀ leg. Ivan, ICBI.

Length of setaej1 25, j3 (broken), j4-j6 (minute), J5 8, z2 15, z4 13, z5, Z1 12 (10–13), Z4 73 (65–83), Z5 77 (68–83), s4 50, S2 10, S4 10, S5 10, r3 18, R1 10.

World distribution — Japan, Kazakhstan, Russia – Primorsky Territory (Demite et al. 2022) and Romania (this study).

Hosts / Substrates — Unidentified herb (Demite et al. 2022).

Remarks — Until now P. scurra was reported only from Asia, but with the occasion of this research it was proved that the distribution of this species was extended to Europe as well. Proprioseiopsis scurra was presented only in the samples from the investigated meadows. Morphological characters of the examined specimens fit with those of the original description.

Genus Transeius Chant &McMurtry, 2004

Transeius macrospermathecus Papadoulis, Emmanouel & Kapaxidi, 2009

Material examined — Murighiol, meadow (13 July 2018) 16 ♀♀, 8 ♂♂ leg. Ivan, ICBI; Pardina, Populus alba plantation (30 June 2021) 4♀♀ leg. Ivan, ICBI.

Length of setaej1 25 (26–27), j3 44 (43–45), j4 7 (5–8), j5 7 (5–8), j6 8 (7–9), J2 9 (8–11), J5 9 (8–11), z2 9 (7–10), z4 30 (30–32), z5 5 (5–6), Z1 13(10–15) Z4 84 (80–85), Z5 100 (98–100), s4 78 (75–80), S2 35 (30–38), S4 17 (13–20), S5 12 (8–13), r3 14 (13–15), R1 14 (13–15).

World distribution — Greece (Demite et al. 2022) and Romania (this study).

Hosts / Substrates — On moss (Papadoulis et al. 2009).

RemarksTranseius macrospermathecus was only known based on its original description from Greece. Morphological characters of the Romanian specimens generally fit with those of the original description.

Subfamily Typhlodrominae Scheuten, 1857; Wainstein, Chant & McMurtry, 1994

Tribe Typhlodromini Wainstein, 1962

Genus Typhlodromus Scheuten, 1857

Subgenus Anthoseius De Leon, 1959

Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) kerkirae Swirski & Ragusa, 1976

Material examined — Letea, meadow (11 May 2016) 1 ♀ leg. Călugăr, ICBI.

Length of setaej1 25, j3 28, j4 13, j5 15, j6 18, J2 25, J5 10, z2 20, z3 25, z4 30, z5 15, Z4 38, Z5 50, s4 28, s6 28, S2 30, S4 30, S5 30, r3 25, R1 18.

World distribution — Croatia, France, Italy, Greece, Iran, Spain, Turkey (Demite et al. 2022) and Romania (this study).

Hosts / Substrates — This species was described from Greece on Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. It is not a widely distributed species, and it has been collected only from a few host plants, mainly cultivated crops, such as Vitis spp. (Vitaceae) (Castagnoli and Liguori 1987) and Ficus spp. (Moraceae) (Demite et al. 2022).

Remarks — Morphological characters of the examined specimens fit with those of the original description.

Conclusions

This study is carried out in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve (Romania). Phytoseiid mites were found only in 11 of a total of 32 investigated plots. As a result, ten new records for the fauna of this country was determined. Two other species, namely Amblyseius obtusus and A. meridionalis were previously reported from Romania, but only one – A. obtusus is mentioned in the world database of Phytoseiidae as being identified in Romania as well (Demite et al. 2022). Thus, the fauna of Phytoseiidae of Romania is now compound of 12 species belonging to Amblyseiini (8), Neoseiulini (3) and Typhlodromini (1). From zoogeographical point of view, these records are important in the sense that distribution of some species proved to be larger than it was expected until now.

Acknowledgements

Many thanks are expressed to Dr M. Huțanu (University of Life Sciences Iași, Romania) for plants identification. Also, we would like to thank the editor-in-chief Dr Serge Kreiter and the two anonymous reviewers, who contributed at the improvement of this article with valuable comments and suggestions. This study is a part of a wider investigation dedicated to the edaphic mesofauna and it was conducted within BIODIVERS Research program, coordinated by NIRDBS Bucharest and funded by the Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization.



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Date received:
2022-07-25
Date accepted:
2022-12-02
Date published:
2023-01-13

Edited by:
Kreiter, Serge

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2023 Călugăr, Adina; Stathakis, Theodoros and Papadoulis, Georgios Th.
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