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A new species of Psilogamasus Athias-Henriot, 1969 from China and redefinition of the genus (Parasitiformes: Parasitidae)

Yao, Mao-Yuan1 ; Yi, Tian-Ci2 ; Jin, Dao-Chao3 and Guo, Jian-Jun4

1Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou,550025, P.R. China & Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guiyang 550025. P. R. China.
2✉ Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou,550025, P.R. China & Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guiyang 550025. P. R. China.
3✉ Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou,550025, P.R. China & Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guiyang 550025. P. R. China.
4Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou,550025, P.R. China & Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guiyang 550025. P. R. China.

2020 - Volume: 60 Issue: 4 pages: 831-841

https://doi.org/10.24349/acarologia/20204404
ZooBank LSID: 439E834B-E519-4E52-B18B-5E4930A2E495

Orginal research

Keywords

Psilogamasus Taiwanoparasitus synonyms genus redefinition new combination identification key

Abstract

A new species, Psilogamasus pentatideus Yao & Jin n. sp., is described based on adults from Hainan province, China. Taiwanoparasitus Tseng is newly synonymized with Psilogamasus Athias-Henriot. Four species, Taiwanoparasitus pentasetosus Tseng, 1995, Vulgarogamasus brachysternalis Ma & Lin, 2005, V. longascidiformis Ma & Lin, 2005, V. lingulatus Bai & Ma, 2013, are transferred to Psilogamasus as new combinations. A key to the known species of the genus is given and the diagnosis of the genus is revised.


Introduction

Mites of the family Parasitidae Oudemans, 1901 are distributed worldwide and occur in animal dung, compost, leaf litter, moss, rotting seaweed, soil and the nests of small mammals and birds (Micherdziński 1969; Hyatt 1980; Halliday et al. 2005; Witaliński 2017). The family comprises 46 genera in two subfamilies (Hrúzová & Fenďa 2018; Juvara-Bals 2019). Bibliographic analysis by the authors shows that about 130 species in 15 genera of Parasitidae have been described from China.

The monotypic genus Psilogamasus, belonging to the subfamily Parasitinae, was erected by Athias-Henriot (1969) on the basis of Psilogamasus hurlbutti Athias-Henriot, 1969 collected in Tanzania. The characters regarded as diagnostic by Athias-Henriot (1969) were: podonotum with 18 pairs of setae, of which seven pairs are short, opisthonotum with six pairs of setae, opisthogaster with five pairs of setae, peritrematal shields free posteriorly, endogynium large, sac-shaped, movable digit of female chelicera with four teeth, telotarsus IV with a trichocystic seta (Athias-Henriot, 1969). This species has since been recorded in North Carolina (Hennesey & Farrier 1989), so may be more widely distributed through the world.

In this regard, Taiwanoparasitus Tseng, 1995 is very similar to Psilogamasus. It was a monotypic genus when erected, with Taiwanoparasitus pentasetosus Tseng, 1995 as type species. Recently, Hrúzová & Fenďa (2018) transferred two species from the Chinese mainland, Vulgarogamasus brachysternalis Ma & Lin, 2005 and V. longascidiformis Ma & Lin, 2005, to Taiwanoparasitus (Tseng 1995; Ma & Lin 2005). The generic diagnosis of Taiwanoparasitus was derived from only females of the type species T. pentasetosus and was proposed on the basis of its combination of five pairs of opisthonotal setae and stigmatal position. Hrúzová & Fenďa (2018) pointed out that this genus has similarity with Psilogamasus Athias-Henriot, 1969, which Tseng (1995) did not compare when proposing Taiwanoparasitus, and these genera need further work to determine their taxonomic status.

Herein, we describe a new species of Psilogamasus, move four species into the genus, and redefine the genus. This broader concept of the genus necessitates the synonymy of Taiwanoparasitus under Psilogamasus, as alluded to by Hrúzová & Fenďa (2018).

Material and methods

Mites were extracted from rotten leaves by Berlese Tullgren funnels, each equipped with a 40 or 60 Watt bulb, and stored in 75% alcohol. Mites were cleared in Nesbitt's solution and then mounted on slides in Hoyer's medium. Specimens were examined using a Nikon DS–Ri2 microscope. All measurements were taken with the software Leica Application Suite V 4.4 for all available specimens and are given in micrometers (μm).

Idiosomal length was measured, in dorsal view, from the anterior margin of the podonotal shield to the posterior margin of the idiosoma and idiosomal width was taken at the widest point. The length of dorsal shields was measured medially from the anterior to the posterior margins, the width was measured at their widest points. Legs were measured from the base of the coxa to the distal end of the tarsus, excluding the ambulacrum (stalk, claws and pulvillus), and the palps were measured from the base of the trochanter to the distal end of the tarsus. Setae were measured from the alveolus to the apex of the seta.

The system of idiosomal setal nomenclature follows Hyatt (1980). Terminology for the leg chaetotaxy follows Evans (1963a), palp chaetotaxy follows Evans (1963b) and adenotaxy and poroidotaxy follows Athias-Henriot (1971, 1975) as adapted Yao et al. (2019, 2020).

Redefinition of Psilogamasus with four new combinations

Genus Psilogamasus Athias-Henriot, 1969

Type species: Psilogamasus hurlbutti Athias-Henriot, 1969

Diagnosis

Both sexes. Dorsal idiosoma with less than 30 pairs of setae, of which seven or eight pairs of podonotal setae very short; setae z5 of dorsal hexagon similar to j5 and j6 in form (smooth), while different in length (z5 longer); presternal platelets absent; tritosternum biramous; opisthogaster bearing five to six pairs of setae; setae ZV1 and gland pores gv2 absent; seta al of palp femur comblike, al1 and al2 of palp genu entire and spatulate distally; corniculi small; epistome trispinate, central prong apically with two to five branches or multidentate, lateral prongs spiculate with bifid apex or two to four apical branches.

Female with separated podonotal shield that with 16–18 pairs of setae, and opisthonotal shield that with five to six pairs of setae; genital shield triangular or subtriangular; peritrematal shield anteriorly fused to podonotal shield and posteriorly free; movable digit of chelicerae with three or four teeth; setae av1 and av2 on femur II, av1 on genu II and tibia II acicular.

Male with holodorsal shield and transverse suture in central region; movable digit of chelicera with five or six teeth; two ventral setae on femur II modified into spurs fused at base; one ventral seta on genu II and tibia II each modified into spur.

Remarks

In Hrúzová & Fenďa (2018), the genera Psilogamasus and Taiwanoparasitus were separated by the number of setae on the opisthonotal shield (six and five pairs, respectively) and the presence of trichocystic seta pd2 on telotarsus IV (present and absent, respectively). However, they also discussed the lack of data on the latter character, leaving the number of opisthosomal shield setae as the critical feature for defining the genera.

In regards to the number of opisthosomal shield setae, we explored the constituent species of both genera and found no other character states that were linked with this feature (Table 1). Therefore, we concluded this was best considered an intrageneric feature, as suspected by Hrúzová & Fenďa (2018). Therefore, we consider Taiwanoparasitus a junior synonym of Psilogamasus.

Table 1. Morphological variations in females of Psilogamasus brachysternalis (Ma & Lin, 2005) n. comb., Psilogamasus hurlbutti (Athias-Henriot, 1969), Psilogamasus lingulatus (Bai & Ma, 2013) n. comb., Psilogamasus longascidiformis (Ma & Lin, 2005) n. comb., Psilogamasus pentasetosus (Tseng, 1995) n. comb. and Psilogamasus pentatideus Yao & Jin n. sp..

The above action of synonymizing Taiwanoparasitus under Psilogamasus leads to several new combinations, i.e., T. brachysternalis, T. longascidiformis and T. pentasetosus are now included in the genus Psilogamasus.

Psilogamasus brachysternalis (Ma & Lin, 2005) n. comb.

Original designation and recent revision: Vulgarogamasus brachysternalis Ma & Lin, 2005: p. 73–74; Taiwanoparasitus brachysternalis (Ma & Lin) Hrúzová & Fenďa, 2018: p. 39

Psilogamasus longascidiformis (Ma & Lin, 2005) n. comb.

Original designation and recent revision: Vulgarogamasus longascidiformis Ma & Lin, 2005: p. 74–75; Taiwanoparasitus longascidiformis (Ma & Lin) Hrúzová & Fenďa, 2018: p. 39.

Psilogamasus pentasetosus (Tseng, 1995) n. comb.

Original designation: Taiwanoparasitus pentasetosus Tseng, 1995: p. 34–35

Based on the previous records of Athias-Henriot (1969), Tseng (1995), Ma & Lin (2005), Bai & Ma (2013), and newly found collections in this study, the geographical distribution of Psilogamasus is limited to Tanzania and China, with the possible adventive presence of P. hurlbutti in North America (Hennesey & Farrier 1989).

We conclude that the species Vulgarogamasus lingulatus Bai & Ma, 2013 may also be moved into the genus Psilogamasus.

Psilogamasus lingulatus (Bai & Ma, 2013) n. comb.

Original designation: Vulgarogamasus lingulatus Bai & Ma, 2013: p. 71–73

The genus Vulgarogamasus, established by Tichomirov (1969), markedly differs from Psilogamasus by having setae z5 of the dorsal hexagon very similar to j5 and j6 in length, and both podonotal and opisthonotal shields with more than 20 pairs of setae. The female of V. lingulatus differs from the other species of Vulgarogamasus by the following characteristics: z5 longer than j5 and j6, opisthonotal shield with only 6 pairs of setae, peritrematal shield free posteriorly and central prong of epistome multidentate distally and lateral ones spiculate or bifid apically. The features of female V. lingulatus conform with Psilogamasus: peritrematal shield anteriorly fused to podonotal shield, posteriorly free; 16–18 pairs of acicular setae on the podonotal shield, of which 8 pairs are tiny; six pairs of acicular setae on opisthonotal shield; opisthogaster bearing 5 pairs of setae, setae ZV1 and gland pores gv2 absent; central prong of epistome multidentate distally and lateral ones spiculate or bifid apically; endogynial sac large.

The description of P. pentatideus n. sp. and the additions of P. brachysternalis n. comb., P. longascidiformis n. comb. and P. lingulatus n. comb., P. pentasetosus n. comb. permit a revision of the genus diagnosis. Within this genus, the number of setae on the idiosomal shields, dental numbers of cheliceral digits, and the length of the peritrematal groove are variable (Table 1).

However, we add further character states to define the female of Psilogamasus. On the venter, setae ZV1 is absent (erroneously named ZV1 by Tseng (1995) was ZV2) and peritrematal shield free posteriorly; on the dorsum the total number of dorsal setae is less than 30 pairs, and of which z5, j5, j6 are smooth; and setae av1 and av2 on femur II, av1 on genu II and tibia II are acicular.

The diagnostic definition of Psilogamasus male, with the most conspicuous features, can also now be proposed as: the holodorsal shield bears less than 30 pair of setae; the movable digit of the chelicera has five or six teeth, which is rare in Parasitidae; setae av1 and av2 on femur II, av1 on genu II and tibia II are spur-like.

Psilogamasus pentatideus Yao & Jin n. sp. (Figures 1–4)

ZOOBANK: 8EC705F3-8236-420F-86E2-FBABCA5BD68D

Material examined

Holotype, female (slide no. HN 201801160801), encountered in rotten leaves, Wuzhi Mountain (109°40'5''E, 18°51'13''N, ca. 638 m a.s.l. above sea level), Hainan Province, China, Jan. 2018. Paratypes, seven females (HN 20180160802–HN 201801160807) and four males (HN 201801160808–HN 201801160812) same collection data as the holotype. The holotype and all other specimens are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China (GUGC).

Description

Female

(n=8; Figures 1–2)

Figure 1. Psilogamasus pentatideus Yao & Jin n. sp., female. A – Dorsum; B – Venter; C – Tritosternum; D – Epistome; E – Chelicera; F. Palpus; G. Subcapitulum.

Figure 2. Psilogamasus pentatideus Yao & Jin n. sp., female. A – Coxa–tibia of leg I; B – Leg II; C – Leg III; D – Genu–tarsus of leg IV; E – Coxa–femur of leg IV.

Dorsum (Figure 1A) — Idiosoma weakly sclerotized, length 679–704, width 481–498, oval in outline. Podonotal and opisthonotal shields separated and with rough reticulation. Podonotal region with 19 pairs of setae, of which 18 pairs on podonotal shield (length 341–358, width 387–395) and a pair (seta r6) off shield. Seven pairs of pore-like structures on podonotal shield visible. Opisthonotal region bearing seven pairs of setae, of which J1J3and Z1Z2 on opisthonotal shield (length 254–270, width 331–342), J4 and Z3 off shield. Two pairs of pore-like structures on opisthonotal shield visible. All dorsal setae smooth. Seta r3 (163–167) longer and stouter than others, setae j2, j3, z2, s3, r2, r4, r6, Z2 and Z3 tiny, equal in length (8–10). Lengths of other dorsal setae on shields: j1 74–78, j4 68–71, j5 68–72, j6 96–98, z1 25–27, z4 61–63, z5 124–128, z6 77–80, s4 68–71, s5 68–70, s6 19–21, J1 105–109, J2 110–114, J3 107–111, J4 86–89, Z1 76–81.

Venter (Figures 1B–1C) — Tritosternum (Figure 1C) with two pilose laciniae (95–109) and a smooth base (48–53). Presternal platelets absent. Sternal shield reticulated, fused to endopodals between coxae I–II and II–III, bearing three pairs of setae (st13), st1 48–52, st2 and st3 36–39 in length, and two pairs of poroids (iv1–2). Anterior as well as posterior margin of sternal shield with an irregular concavity medially. Paragynial shields separated from sternal shield by medially arched groove, bearing setae st4 (38–40) and poroids iv3. Epigynial shield separated from opisthogastric shield by a transverse suture, bearing setae st5 (39–42) and poroids iv5. Anterior margin of epigynial shield with smooth rounded apex. Endogynium tongue-shaped with some small teeth on each side of the leading edge, and anterolaterally with two inner reniform structures underneath paragynial shields, connected by a ribbon structure. Setae ZV1 and gland pores gv2 absent. Opisthogastric shield reticulate, bearings five pairs of setae (JV14 and ZV2). Setae pa and po equal in length (18–21). Peritrematal groove length 209–230, extending to anterior level of coxa II. Peritrematal shield fused with podonotal shield anteriorly and separated at level of seta j2. Opisthogastric soft cuticle with two pairs of setae and two pairs of pore-like structures. All ventral setae smooth. Lengths of setae on opisthogastric shield: JV1 34–36, JV2 39–42, JV3 39–42, JV4 54–56, ZV2 12–13.

Gnathosoma (Figures 1D–1G) — Epistome (Figure 1D) with three prongs, divided into two to five branches apically, emerging from base with one to three small teeth on each side. Movable digit of chelicera with four teeth, proximal two teeth robust and larger than two distal ones, and with arthrodial brush at base, fixed digit with seven teeth, distal one smaller and more pointed than others, an acicular pilus dentilis and one smooth dorsal seta near base (Figure 1E). Palp length 241–253; trochanter bearing two pairs of setae, v2 pilose; femur with five setae, of which al comblike; genu with six pairs of setae, of which al1 and al2 spatulate distally, remaining setae smooth. Trochanter, femur and genu of palp as in Figure 1F. Corniculus length 27–34, short and horn-shaped; internal mala acute with plate-like bases bearing numerous pili; deutosternal groove with ten denticulate rows. Setae h1h3 smooth, h1 40–43, h2 41–44, h3 57–61 in length; pcx slightly pilose, 54–57 in length (Figure 1G).

Legs (Figure 2) — Lengths of legs I–IV: 990–1003, 639–664, 665–679 and 1017–1129. Leg Ⅳ longer than other legs. Most leg setae smooth and setae on femur, genu and tibia of leg IV usual longer than other. Setae al on trochanter I–II stout and pilose. Most setae on tarsi II–III slightly pinnate. Setae al1 and pl1 on tarsi II–IV spur-like. Setae al3 stout and pectinate and setae pd2 on tarsus IV, length 332–339, longer than all other setae on tarsus IV. Chaetotactic formulae of leg I–IV as follows: coxa (0 0/1, 0/1 0), (0 0/1, 0/1 0), (0 0/1, 0/1 0), (0 0/1, 0/0 0); trochanter (1 1/1, 0/2 1), (1 0/1, 0/2 1), ((1 1/1, 0/2 0), (1 1/1, 0/2 0); femur (2 3/2, 2/2 2), (2 3/2, 2/1 1), (1 2/1, 2/0 0), (1 2/1, 2/0 0); genu (2 3/2, 3/1 2), (2 3/1, 2/1 2), (1 2/1, 2/1 2), (2 2/1, 3/1 1); tibia (2 3/2, 3/2 2), (2 2/1, 2/1 2), (1 2/1, 2/1 1), (2 1/1, 3/1 2); and tarsi II–IV (3 3/2, 1/1, 3/2 3).

Male

(n=4; Figures 3–4)

Figure 3. Psilogamasus pentatideus Yao & Jin n. sp., male. A – Dorsum; B – Venter.

Figure 4. Psilogamasus pentatideus Yao & Jin n. sp., male. A – Epistome; B – Subcapitulum; C – Chelicera; D – Palpus; E – Femur, genu and tibia of leg II (posterolateral view)

Dorsum (Figure 3A) — Idiosoma length 510–532, width 341–347. Reticulate holodorsal shield covering entire dorsum, with a suture closely anterior to setae J1, not reaching lateral margin of idiosoma. Podonotal region with 19 pairs of setae. Opisthonotal region bearing seven pairs of setae. All setae smooth and inserted on reticulate holodorsal shield. Setae j2, j3, z2, s3, r2, r4, r6 similar in length (8–10), finer and shorter than others. Lengths of other dorsal setae: j1 63–64, j4 56–58, j5 67–69, j6 79–82, z1 22–23, z4 61–63, z5 112–116, z6 66–67, r3 141–145, s4 52–54, s5 59–61, s6 19–21, J1 89–93, J2 83–85, J3 90–94, J4 71–73, Z1 57–58, Z2 14–15, 14–15.

Venter (Figure 3B) — Tritosternum with two pilose laciniae (108–114), and a smooth base (28–32). Presternal shields absent. Genital lamina poorly visible, anteriorly extending to form a hyaline and smooth protrusion. Sternogenital shield reticulated, bearing five pairs of setae (st15), subequal in length (39–43), and three pairs of poroids. Anterior margin of sternogenital shield concave, posterior margin separated from opisthogastric region by a transverse suture. Opisthogastric region reticulated and with seven pairs of smooth setae, of which setae ZV2 and one pair of lateral setae short and fine, equal in length (8–10); setae JV1 31–32, JV2 30–32, JV3 40–42, JV4 40–42, JV5 61–64 in length. Setae pa and po equal in length (17–19). Peritrematal groove as in female, length 191–224. Peritrematal shield fused to opisthogastric shield.

Gnathosoma (Figures 4A–4D) — Epistome (Figure 4A) with three prongs, split into two to three branches distally, from base with one to three small teeth on each side. Subcapitulum (Figure 4B) bearing four pairs of setae, setae pcx (46–49) pilose, h1(36–38), h2 (37–40) and h3 (48–49) smooth; deutosternal groove with 11 rows, of which anterior ten rows with numerous irregular teeth, and posterior one linear; corniculus (18–22) and internal mala acute as in female. Movable digit of chelicera with five teeth, proximal one larger, and arthrodial brush at base; fixed digit with nine teeth (Figure 4C). Palp 215–221 in length, as in female; trochanter, femur and genu as shown in Figure 4D.

Legs (Figure 4E) — Lengths of legs I–IV 879–894, 585–597, 545–559 and 922–968, respectively. Leg IV longer than other legs, Leg Ⅱ stouter than others. Chaetotaxy: Setal complement and arrangement as in female. Two ventral setae on femur II modified into spurs fused at base; one ventral seta on genu II and tibia II each modified into spur. Other characteristics as in female.

Other stage

Unknown.

Etymology

This species is named after its movable digit of chelicera in male with five teeth, what is rare in Parasitidae.

Remarks

The newly described species is morphologically similar to P. pentasetosus in the setal number on the opisthonotal shield and dental number of chelicera movable digit. However, P. pentatideus Yao & Jin n. sp. is different from P. pentasetosus by follows: (1) podonotal shield bearing 18 pairs of setae, vs. 16 pairs in P. pentasetosus; (2) opisthogastric shield bearing five pairs of setae, vs. 6 pairs in the latter; (3) three prongs of epistome each apically divided into two to five branches, vs. central one multidentate distally and lateral ones spiculate or bifid apically in P. pentasetosus.

Key to known species of the genus Psilogamasus

Females

1. Opisthonotal shield with six pairs of setae; seta Z3 on shield
...... 2

— Opisthonotal shield with five pairs of setae, seta Z3 off shield
...... 3

2. Podonotal setae j1 feathered; pa and po equal in length; fixed digit of chelicera with five teeth.
...... P. lingulatus

— Podonotal setae j1 smooth; pa shorter than po in length; fixed digit of chelicera with seven teeth
...... P. hurlbutti

3. Peritrematal groove extending anteriorly and close to posterior end of coxa III; movable digit of chelicera with three teeth
...... 4

— Peritrematal groove extending anteriorly to beyond coxa II; movable digit of chelicera with four teeth
...... 5

4. Epigynium serrate on both sides; the base of epistome smooth
...... P. brachysternalis

— Epigynium smooth on both sides; the base of epistome with small denticles
...... P. longascidiformis

5. Opisthogastric shield with six pairs of setae; dorsal seta r4 off shield
...... P. pentasetosus

— Opisthogastric shield with five pairs of setae; dorsal seta r4 on shield
...... P. pentatideus n. sp.

Males

1. movable digit of chelicera with five teeth; three prongs of epistome each apically divided into two to five branches
...... P. pentatideus n. sp.

— movable digit of chelicera with six teeth, central prong of epistome multidentate distally and lateral ones spiculate or bifid apically
...... P. hurlbutti

Acknowledgements

We express our thanks to two reviewers for their insightful comments on the manuscript. We sincerely thank Dr. Owen Seeman offered the help to revision for English writing and comments. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31872275), the Provincial Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars ([2016]5641).



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  18. Yao, M.Y., Long Y., Yi, T.C., Guo, J.J., Jin, D.C., & Zhang, R.Z. 2020. Description of two new species of Trachygamasus Berlese (Mesostigmata: Parasitidae) and the male of Trachygamasus multisetus from China, with notes on the genus. Syst. Appl. Acarol., 25(4): 633-648. doi:10.11158/saa.25.4.4



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Article editorial history
Date received:
2020-08-10
Date accepted:
2020-11-10
Date published:
2020-11-17

Edited by:
Faraji, Farid

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2020 Yao, Mao-Yuan; Yi, Tian-Ci; Jin, Dao-Chao and Guo, Jian-Jun
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