Monjarás-Barrera, José Irving¹ ; Liberato Da Silva, Guilherme² ; Chacón-Hernández, Julio Cesar³ ; Santos Da Silva, Onilda⁴ ; Juarez Ferla, Noeli⁵ and Johann, Liana⁶

¹✉ Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Instituto de Ecología Aplicada, División del Golfo 356, Colonia Libertad, C.P. 87019. Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México.
²Laboratório de Acarologia, Tecnovates, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, 95914-014, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
³Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Instituto de Ecología Aplicada, División del Golfo 356, Colonia Libertad, C.P. 87019. Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México.
⁴Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. 90050-170 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
⁵Laboratório de Acarologia, Tecnovates, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, 95914-014, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil & CNPq Researcher.
⁶Laboratório de Acarologia, Tecnovates, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, 95914-014, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

2020 - Volume: 60 Issue: 2 pages: 470-480

ZooBank LSID: 922C0CDD-E7B9-4670-8AE3-863621A79BAB

Original research

Keywords

Abstract

Introduction

In several ecosystems and crops, mites of the family Stigmaeidae are one of the most important predatory mites after Phytoseiidae (Santos & Laing, 1985) and are considered economically important as predators of other mites and small arthropods (Fan & Zhang, 2005; Fan & Flechtmann, 2015). Stigmaeid mites have been studied as potential predators against pestiferous mites of the families Eriophyidae, Tetranychidae, Tenuipalpidae and Tarsonemidae (Gerson et al., 2003; Johann et al., 2013). Therefore, its correct identification is fundamental for management programs of these mites (Zhang, 2003).

The genus Agistemus Summers, 1960 comprise more than 87 described species (Fan et al., 2016; Paktinat-Saeij et al., 2017; Rehman et al., 2018); of which, seven were recorded from Mexico: Agistemus floridanus González-Rodríguez (González-Rodríguez, 1965), A. longisetus González-Rodríguez (González-Rodríguez, 1963), A. fleschneri Summers, A. simplex González-Rodríguez, A. striolatus González-Rodríguez (González-Rodríguez, 1965), A. arcypaurus González-Rodríguez and A. terminalis Quayle (Estrada-Venegas et al., 2002).

The present study aims to (i) described a new species of stigmaeid mites from Mexico, (ii) record of Agistemus brasiliensis for the first time from this country, and (iii) provide an identification key to species of Agistemus so far reported from Mexico.

Materials and methods

The specimens were collected on leaves of the wild plant ''chile piquín'' (Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum) in two Protected Naturals Areas (PNA): ''El Cielo'' Biosphere Reserve (23°01'07' N, 99°08'54'' W) and PNA ''Altas Cumbres'' (23°41'52'' N, 99°11'04'' W and 23°46'41'' N, 99°12'12'' W), located in the municipalities of Gómez Farias and Victoria in Tamaulipas, Mexico, respectively. The collected leaves were transported to the laboratory of Ecología de Poblaciones in the Instituto de Ecología Aplicada of Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas. Mite extraction followed Dhooria (2016) and slide preparations were carried out according to Jeppson et al., (1975). The mites were observed under Phase Contrast (PH) and Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) microscope Zeiss AXIO Imager.Z2 in the Laboratory of Acarology of Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

The terminology and abbreviations are based on Grandjean (1944) and Kethley (1990). All measurements are given in micrometers (µm) and the measurements of the holotype are followed by ranges of the paratypes in parentheses.

Holotype female and three paratype males were deposited at Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura ''Luiz de Queiroz'', Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil. Two paratypes female were deposited at ''Colección Nacional de Ácaros'' (CNAC) of Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) in Mexico city, Mexico.

Taxonomy

Family: Stigmaeidae Oudemans, 1931

Genus: Agistemus Summers, 1960

Type species: Caligonus terminalis Quayle, 1912, by original designation. Agistemus terminalis (Quayle), Summers, 1960: 234.

Agistemus brasiliensis Matioli, Ueckermann & Oliveira, 2002

(Table 1)

Distribution — Agistemus brasiliensis was reported on Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck in São Paulo, Brazil, feeding on Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Tetranychidae) and Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Tenuipalpidae) (Matioli et al., 2002). It is recorded from Coffea arabica L. and C. canephora P. (Mineiro et al., 2010). It is the only species collected on Vitis vinifera L. Chardonnay and Merlot cultivar, Vitis labrusca L. Bordeaux cultivar and Solanum americanum Mill. (Johann et al., 2013). Agistemus brasiliensis has only been recorded from two countries worldwide, Brazil (Fan et al., 2019) and Mexico (present study).

Remarks — No morphological differences were observed between specimens from Mexico and those described by Matioli et al., (2002). Measurements of the Mexican specimens are provided in Table 1.

Material examined — All specimens were found on leaves of Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum at, Ojo de Agua, Gomez Farias Tamaulipas, Mexico; J. I. Monjarás B. leg.; two females; February 17, 2017; one female, March 3, 2017; one male, February 17, 2017; one male, October 13, 2017; one male, November 10, 2017.

Agistemus piquinnus Monjarás-Barrera & Johann n. sp.

ZOOBANK: AC9EF2C2-8565-4982-9AEB-F1DBE9BA2D88

(Figures 1-5)

Diagnosis (female) — Prodorsal and hysterosomal shields smooth; length of seta c₁ longer than the distance between the bases of c₁ and d₁ ; the ratio vi/vi–vi 2.8 (2.8-3.0); ratio c₁/c₁–c₁ 2.1 (2.1-2.3); ratio: pob/eye: 3.2 (3.0-3.2). Aggenital shield not defined, bearing two pair of setae (ag₁ -ag₂ ); seta g₁ extending beyond the base of ps₂ ; setae ps₁ and ps₂ slightly barbed and more robust than ps₃ ; femora I–IV 5-4-2-2.

Description

Female

(n=3)

Dorsum (Figures 1A-B) — Length of idiosoma 323 (323-365); width of idiosoma 264 (264-295). Idiosoma broadly oval in dorso-ventral view. Prodorsal shield triangular, indented posteriorly and smooth. Prodorsal shield with 3 pairs of setae (vi, ve and sci), one pair of eyes 9 (9-10) in diameter and one pair of post-ocular bodies (pob) 29 (29-30) in diameter; humeral shields smooth, bearing c₂ . Hysterosomal shield smooth, with five pairs of setae (c₁ , d₁ , d₂ , e₁ and e₂ ); intercalary shields smooth, with setae f₁ ; suranal shield entire and smooth, with two pairs of setae, h₁ and h₂ . Dorsal setae set on small tubercles, barbed, with blunt tips, h₁ and h₂ are distinctly shorter. Length of dorsal setae: vi 58 (58-60); ve 82 (82-85); sci 79 (73-79); c₁ 73 (73-75); c₂ 46 (45-50); d₁ 72 (70-75); d₂ 67 (67-73); e₁ 73 (73-80); e₂ 76 (76-80); f₁ 60 (60-63); h₁ 38 (38-40) and h₂ 25 (25-28). Distances between dorsal setae: vi–vi 21 (20-21); ve–ve 56 (50-56); vi–ve 19 (18-23); ve–sci 47 (43-47); sci–sci 114 (114-118); c₁–c₁ 35 (33-35); c₁–d₁ 51 (51-55); c₁–c₂ 83 (83-98); c₁–d₂ 59 (59-63); d₁–d₁ 74 (68-75); d₁–d₂ 29 (25-29); d₁–e₁ 59 (50-59); d₁–e₂ 37 (35-40); d₂–d₂ 133 (130-135); d₂–e₂ 42 (42-48); e₁–e₁ 30 (25-30); e₂–e₂ 108 (108-115); e₁–f₁ 30 (30-58); f₁–f₁ 67 (63-75); f₁–h₁ 38 (38-48); h₁–h₁ 13 (10-13); h₁–h₂ 21 (15-21); h₂–h₂ 49 (25-49). Ratios: pob/eye: 3.2 (3.0-3.2); vi/vi–vi 2.8 (2.8-3.0); c₁/c₁–c₁ 2.1 (2.1-2.3); d₁/d₁–d₁ 1.0 (1.0); e₁/e₁–e₁ 2.4 (2.4-3.2); f₁/f₁–f₁ 0.9 (0.8-1.0); h₁/h₁–h₁ 2.9 (2.9-4.0); c₁–c₁/ d₁–d₁ 0.5 (0.4-0.5); c₁–c₁/e₁–e₁ 1.2 (1.2); d₁–d₁/e₁–e1 2.5 (2.5-2.7); h₁/h₂ 1.5 (1.4-1.5); c₁–c₁ : d₁–d₁ : e₁–e₁ : f₁–f₁ = 1.2 (1.2): 2.5 (2.5-2.7): 1.0: 2.2 (2.2-2.7).

Venter (Figures 1C-D) — Ventral surface ornamented with striations; bearing three pairs of setae (1a, 3a and 4a). Aggenital shield not defined, bearing two pairs of setae (ag₁ and ag₂ ). Anogenital valves with one pair of genital (g₁ ) setae and three pairs of pseudanal setae (ps₁–ps₃ ). Seta g₁ reaching to base of seta ps₂ . Setae ps₁ and ps₂ slightly barbed and more robust than ps₃ . Measurements of setae: 1a 31 (25-31); 3a 28 (23-28); 4a 23 (20-23); ag₁ 16 (13-16); ag₂ 15 (13-15); g₁ 26 (20-26); ps₁ 14 (13-14); ps₂ 16 (15-16); ps₃ 13 (13-15); g₁-ps₃ 29 (28-29).

Gnathosoma (Figure 2A) — Gnathosoma (including palp) 143 (143-150); subcapitulum 84 (80-84); palp 101 (100-103); chelicera 99 (93-105). Subcapitulum bearing subcapitular setae m 32 (30-33) and n 48 (48) and adoral setae or₁ 18 (18-19) and or₂ 19 (18-23). Distance m–m 44 (43-45), n–n 36 (30-36) and m–n 7 (7-8). Palp five segmented; palptrochanter without setae; palpfemur with two smooth and one barbed setae; palpgenu with one seta; palptibia with two tactile setae + one well-developed claw + one spine-like accessory claw; palptarsus with four tactile setae + one solenidion (ω), one subapical eupathidium and one distal trifurcate eupathidium.

Legs (Figures 3A-D) — Length of legs I–IV: 297 (297-325); 264 (264-293); 253 (250-275); 277 (275-290). Femur I 77 (77-85), genu I 27 (27-28), tibia I 55 (55-57), tarsus I 75 (70-83). Dorsal most seta on femur I (dFI) barbed 41 (41-45), longer than h₁ , 1.1 (1.1-1.2) times length of h₁ ; dorsal most seta on genu I (dGI) barbed 36 (35-38). Chaetotaxy: coxae (excluding 1a, 3a and 4a) 2(+1elcl)-1-2-2, trochanters 1-1-1-1, femora 5-4-2-2, genua 3(+1κ)-1-0-0, tibiae 5(+1φp)-5(+1φp)-5(+1φp)-5(+1φp), tarsi 12(+1ω)-9(+1ω)-7(+1ω)-7. Length of solenidia: ωI 27 (25-27); ωII 26 (23-26); ωIII 16 (15-18).

Male

(n=3)

Dorsum (Figures 4A-B) — Length of idiosoma 266 (220-266); width of idiosoma 200 (177-200); idiosoma broadly oval in dorso-ventral view. Prodorsal shield triangular, indented posteriorly and smooth. Prodorsal shield with 3 pairs of setae (vi, ve and sci), one pair of eyes 8 (8-10) in diameter and one pair of post-ocular bodies (pob) 23 (22-23) in diameter; humeral shields smooth, bearing c₂ . Hysterosomal shield smooth, with six pairs of setae (c₁ , d₁ , d₂ , e₁ , e₂ , and f₁ ); suranal shield entire and smooth, with two pairs of setae, h₁ and h₂ . Dorsal setae set on small tubercles, short and barbed, with blunt tips, e₁ , h₁ and h₂ are distinctly shorter. Length of dorsal setae: vi 45 (45-54); ve 67 (67-68); sci 63 (60-65); c₁ 61 (57-61); c₂ 37 (37-40); d₁ 50 (47-52); d₂ 57 (48-59); e₁ 21 (21-28); e₂ 60 (56-60); f₁ 56 (54-61); h₁ 13 (13-15) and h₂ 19 (18-20). Distances between dorsal setae: vi–vi 20 (17-20); ve–ve 51 (46-51); vi–ve 18 (18-20); ve–sci 41 (36-41); sci–sci 102 (92-102); c₁–c₁ 28 (28-35); c₁–d₁ 44 (41-44); c₁–c₂ 78 (63-78); c₁–d₂ 51 (46-51); d₁–d₁ 63 (60-63); d₁–d₂ 21 (19-21); d₁–e₁ 41 (39-41); d₁–e₂ 26 (24-28); d₂–d₂ 107 (91-107); d₂–e₂ 31 (29-31); e₁–e₁ 23 (23); e₂–e₂ 87 (81-90); e₁–f₁ 15 (14-16); f₁–f₁ 30 (30-33); f₁–h₁ 42 (24-42); h₁–h₁ 7 (5-7); h₁–h₂ 11 (10-11); h₂–h₂ 34 (28-34). Ratios: pob/eye: 2.9 (2.2-2.9); vi/vi–vi 2.3 (2.3-3.2); c₁/c₁–c₁ 1.4 (1.4); d₁/d₁–d₁ 0.8 (0.8-0.9); e₁/e₁–e₁ 0.9 (0.9-1.2); f₁/f₁–f₁ 1.9 (1.6-2.0); h₁/h₁–h₁ 1.9 (1.9-3.0); c₁–c₁/ d₁–d₁ 0.4 (0.4-0.6); c₁–c₁/e₁–e₁ 1.2 (1.2-1.5); d₁–d₁/e₁–e1 2.7 (2.6-2.7); h₁/h₂ 0.7 (0.7-0.8); c₁–c₁ : d₁–d₁ : e₁–e₁ : f₁–f₁ = 1.2 (1.2-1.5): 2.7 (2.6-2.7): 1.0: 1.3 (1.3-1.4)

Venter (Figures 4C-D) — Ventral surface ornamented with striations; bearing three pairs of setae (1a, 3a and 4a). Aggenital shield defined, with one pair of setae (g₁ ). Anogenital valves with three pairs of pseudanal setae (ps_1–3 ), ps₁ smaller than ps₂ and ps₃ . Measurements of setae: 1a 29 (28-31); 3a 22 (22-34); 4a 24 (24-25); ag₁ 14 (14-15); ps₁ 5 (5-10); ps₂ 12 (11-12); ps₃ 11 (11-12).

Gnathosoma (Figure 2B) — Gnathosoma (including palp) 127 (127-143); subcapitulum 79 (77-85); palp 93 (93-96); chelicera 95 (84-95). Subcapitulum bearing subcapitular setae m 20 (20-37) and n 42 (42-48) and adoral setae or₁ 18 (16-23) and or₂ 21 (20-21). Distance m–m 42 (35-42), n–n 31 (25-34) and m–n 8 (6-8). Palp five segmented; palptrochanter without setae; palpfemur with two barbed and one smooth seta; palpgenu with one seta; palptibia with two tactile setae + one well-developed claw + one spine-like accessory claw; palptarsus with four tactile setae + one solenidion (ω), one subapical eupathidium and one distal trifid eupathidium.

Legs (Figures 5A-D) — Length of legs I–IV: 288 (288-300); 240 (239-246); 219 (219-236); 247 (243-258). Femur I 76 (75-77), genu I 22 (22-24), tibia I 49 (49-51), tarsus I 69 (69-74). Dorsal most seta on femur I (dFI) barbed 49 (49-53), longer than h₁ , 3.8 (3.5-4.1) times length of h₁ ; dorsal most seta on genu I (dGI) barbed 36 (36-39). Chaetotaxy: coxae (excluding 1a, 3a and 4a) 2(+1elcl)-1-2-2, trochanters 1-1-1-1, femora 5-4-2-2, genua 3(+1κ)-1-0-0, tibiae 5(+1φp)-5(+1φp)-5(+1φp)-5(+1φp), tarsi 12(+2ω)-9(+2ω)-7(+1ω)-7(+1ω). Length of solenidia: Tarsus I ωI 37 (34-37), ωII 26 (25-26); Tarsus II ωI 36 (32-36), ωII 32 (27-32); Tarsus III ωI 15 (15); Tarsus IV ωI 19 (19-20).

Immature stages — unknown

Remarks — The new species resembles Agistemus longisetus González-Rodríguez, 1963 and A. brasiliensis Matioli et al., 2002; but Agistemus piquinnus n. sp. can be distinguished from A. longisetus by a) lengths of median hysterosomal setae c₁ (73), d₁ (72) and e₁ (73) are shorter (vs 104, 103 and 115, respectively); b) ventral setae 1a (29), 3a (22) and 4a (24) are shorter (vs 41, 39 and 39, respectively) c) the ratio pob/eye (3.2), sci/pob (2.7), vi/vi-vi (2.8), c₁/c₁-c₁ \down (2.1) and e₁/e₁-e₁ (2.4) are different (vs 4.1, 2.2, 2.6, 2.8 and 2.8, respectively); d) aggenital shield not horseshoe-shape and g₁ (26) twice longer than ps₃ (13) [vs aggenital shield in horseshoe-shape and g₁ (23) slightly longer than ps₃ (20)]. Agistemus piquinnus n. sp. can be distinguished from A. brasiliensis by a) setae vi (58), ve (82) and sci (79) are longer (vs 47, 77 and 72, respectively); b) ratio pob/eye (3.2), vi/vi-vi (2.8), c₁/c₁-c₁ (2.1), d₁/d₁-d₁ (1.0), e₁/e₁-e₁ (2.4) are greater (vs 2.0, 2.5, 1.7, 0.8 and 1.9, respectively), h₁/h₁-h₁ (2.9) and h₁ /h₂ (1.5) are less (vs 5.6 and 1.9, respectively); c) aggenital shield not horseshoe-shape and seta g₁ extending beyond the base of ps₂ (vs aggenital shield in horseshoe-shape and setae g₁ reach just past ps₃ ).

Etymology —The new species is named after the regional name of host plant ''piquín''.

Type material —Holotype, 2 females paratypes and 3 paratypes males were collected on leaves of Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Solanaceae), Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Holotype, female on leaf of Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Solanaceae), Cañón de la Peregrina, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. November 12, 2017. J. I. Monjarás B. leg.; two females collected on leaves of Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Solanaceae). Cañón de la Peregrina, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. July 10, 2019. J. I. Monjarás B. One male collected on leaf of Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Solanaceae), Cañón de la Peregrina, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. April 28, 2017. J. I. Monjarás B. leg. Two males collected on leaves of Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Solanaceae). Cañón de la Peregrina, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. November 12, 2017. J. I. Monjarás B. leg.

Key to females of Agistemus from Mexico

(modified from Paktinat-Saeij et al., 2016)

1. One pair of aggenital setae (species group fleschneri)
...... 2

— Two pairs of aggenital setae (species group terminalis)
...... 3

2. Dorsal shield reticulated; ratios vi/vi-vi 2.6, c₁/c₁-c₁ 1.0, e₁/e₁-e₁ 1.8
...... A. fleschneri Summers

— Dorsal shield smooth; ratios vi/vi-vi 2.0, c₁/c₁-c₁ 1.0, e₁/e₁-e₁ 1.2
...... A. striolatus González-Rodríguez

3. Dorsal shield ornamented with small alveoli; ratios vi/vi-vi 2.6, e₁/e₁-e₁ 2.2
...... A. arcypaurus González-Rodríguez

— Dorsal shield smooth
...... 4

4. Setae c₁ shorter than distance between the bases of c₁-d₁
...... 5

— Setae c₁ equal or longer than distance between the bases of c₁-d₁
...... 7

5. Setae g₁ reach to the base of setae ps₃ ;\down ratios vi/vi-vi 2.4, c₁/c₁-c₁ 0.6
...... A. simplex González-Rodríguez

— Setae g₁ reach to the base of setae ps₂
...... 6

6. Ratios vi/vi-vi 1.0, c₁/c₁-c₁ 0.6
...... A. terminalis (Quayle)

— Ratio vi/vi-vi 1.5-1.7, c₁/c₁-c₁ 1.5–1.6
...... A. floridanus González-Rodríguez

7. Length of medial hysterosomal setae < 100µm
...... A. longisetus González-Rodríguez

— Length of medial hysterosomal setae < 100µm
...... 8

8. Ratios pob/eye 3.1, d₁/d₁-d₁ 1.0, h₁ /h₂ 1.4
...... A. piquinnus n. sp.

— Ratios pob/eye 2.0, d₁/d₁-d₁ 0.8, h₁ /h₂ 1.9
...... A. brasiliensis Matioli et al.

Acknowledgements

We thank the Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas for supporting this research through project PFI2016-EB-07, PRODEP and CONACYT for the economic support to the doctoral stay. The authors are grateful to Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates for providing necessary materials during the study.

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